This book informs about culture and the ways of thinking in Europe in the late Middle Ages. The concept of culture follows the intention of Pragmatic Philosophy (from W. James to R. Rorty). Special areas of study are: social dynamics, forms of government, religious teachings, moral intentions, philosophical doctrines, exchange with Jews and the Islamic culture, consecution of the »heretics«, development of natural science, literature, poetry, architecture and painting.Altogether the book intends to show the various forms of life and the worlds of ideas of the era; it builds a strong bridge for a better understanding of our cultural memory in modern times.