One of the world's leading political thinkers explores the history, nature, and prospects of the liberal tradition

The Making of Modern Liberalism is a deep and wide-ranging exploration of the origins and nature of liberalism from the Enlightenment through its triumphs and setbacks in the twentieth century and beyond. The book is the fruit of the more than four decades during which Alan Ryan, one of the world's leading political thinkers, reflected on the past of the liberal tradition-and worried about its future.

This is essential reading for anyone interested in political theory or the history of liberalism.

Alan Ryan, the former warden of New College, Oxford, has taught political theory at Oxford and Princeton since 1969. His books include The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill, Bertrand Russell: A Political Life, John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism, and Liberal Anxieties and Liberal Education.

Acknowledgments vii
Introduction 1

Part 1: Conceptual and Practical 19
1. Liberalism 21
2. Freedom 45
3. Culture and Anxiety 63
4. The Liberal Community 91
5. Liberal Imperialism 107
6. State and Private, Red and White 123
7. The Right to Kill in Cold Blood: Does the Death Penalty Violate Human Rights? 139

Part 2: Liberty and Security 157
8. Hobbes's Political Philosophy 159
9. Hobbes and Individualism 186
10. Hobbes, Toleration, and the Inner Life 204
11. The Nature of Human Nature in Hobbes and Rousseau 220
12. Locke on Freedom: Some Second Thoughts 233

Part 3: Liberty and Progress, Mill to Popper 255
13. Mill's Essay On Liberty 257
14. Sense and Sensibility in Mill's Political Thought 279
15. Mill in a Liberal Landscape 292
16. Utilitarianism and Bureaucracy: The Views of J. S. Mill 326
17. Mill and Rousseau: Utility and Rights 346
18. Bureaucracy, Democracy, Liberty: Some Unanswered Questions in Mill's Politics 364
19. Bertrand Russell's Politics: 1688 or 1968? 381
20. Isaiah Berlin: Political Theory and Liberal Culture 395
21. Popper and Liberalism 413

Part 4: Liberalism in America 427
22. Alexis de Tocqueville 429
23. Staunchly Modern, Nonbourgeois Liberalism 456
24. Pragmatism, Social Identity, Patriotism, and Self-Criticism 473
25. Deweyan Pragmatism and American Education 489
26. John Rawls 505

Part 5: Work, Ownership, Freedom, and Self-Realization 521
27. Locke and the Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie 523
28. Hegel on Work, Ownership, and Citizenship 538
29. Utility and Ownership 556
30. Maximizing, Moralizing, and Dramatizing 573
31. The Romantic Theory of Ownership 586
32. Justice, Exploitation, and the End of Morality 600
33. Liberty and Socialism 617

Notes 631
Index 665