A single reference to all aspects of contemporary air dispersion modeling
The practice of air dispersion modeling has changed dramatically in recent years, in large part due to new EPA regulations. Current with the EPA's 40 CFR Part 51, this book serves as a complete reference to both the science and contemporary practice of air dispersion modeling. Throughout the book, author Alex De Visscher guides readers through complex calculations, equation by equation, helping them understand precisely how air dispersion models work, including such popular models as the EPA's AERMOD and CALPUFF.
Air Dispersion Modeling begins with a primer that enables readers to quickly grasp basic principles by developing their own air dispersion model. Next, the book offers everything readers need to work with air dispersion models and accurately interpret their results, including:
* Full chapter dedicated to the meteorological basis of air dispersion
* Examples throughout the book illustrating how theory translates into practice
* Extensive discussions of Gaussian, Lagrangian, and Eulerian air dispersion modeling
* Detailed descriptions of the AERMOD and CALPUFF model formulations
This book also includes access to a website with Microsoft Excel and MATLAB files that contain examples of air dispersion model calculations. Readers can work with these examples to perform their own calculations.
With its comprehensive and up-to-date coverage, Air Dispersion Modeling is recommended for environmental engineers and meteorologists who need to perform and evaluate environmental impact assessments. The book's many examples and step-by-step instructions also make it ideal as a textbook for students in the fields of environmental engineering, meteorology, chemical engineering, and environmental sciences.
Autorentext
ALEX DE VISSCHER, PhD, is the Canada Research Chair in
Air Quality and Pollution Control Engineering at the University of
Calgary. Dr. De Visscher has published his findings in a wide range
of areas, including air quality and waste gas treatment, advanced
oxidation, solution chemistry, and greenhouse gas emissions. In
addition, he has published a volume of the IUPAC-NIST Solubility
Data Series dedicated to alkaline earth carbonates. Among his
honors and accolades, Dr. De Visscher is a recipient of the
University of Calgary's Killam Emerging Research Leader Award.
Inhalt
Preface xv
List of Symbols xix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Types of Air Dispersion Models 4
1.3 Standard Conditions for Temperature and Pressure 6
1.4 Concentration Units in the Gas Phase 7
1.5 Units 9
1.6 Constants and Approximately Constant Variables 11
1.7 Frequently Used Greek Symbols 12
Problems 12
References 12
Chapter 2 An Air Dispersion Modeling Primer 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Basic Concepts of Air Dispersion 15
2.3 Gaussian Dispersion Model 17
2.4 Plume Rise 30
2.5 Need for Refinements to the Basic Gaussian Plume Dispersion Model 34
Problems 34
Materials Online 36
References 36
Chapter 3 Air Pollutants: An Overview 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Types of Air Pollution 37
Problems 51
References 52
Chapter 4 Regulation of Air Quality and Air Quality Modeling 54
4.1 Introduction 54
4.2 Air Quality Regulation 54
4.3 Air Dispersion Modeling Guidelines 59
References 59
Chapter 5 Meteorology for Air Dispersion Modelers 60
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Structure of the Atmosphere 61
5.3 Altitude Dependence of Barometric Pressure 62
5.4 Height Dependence of TemperatureAdiabatic Case 65
5.5 Stability 70
5.6 Heat Balance 76
5.7 Wind Speed Profile 81
5.8 Temperature Profile Revisited: Nonneutral Conditions 93
5.9 Heat Balance Revisited: Stable Conditions 97
5.10 Mixing Layer Height 99
5.11 Concept of Turbulence 103
5.12 Special Topics in Meteorology 119
5.13 Advanced Topics in Meteorology 122
5.14 Summary of Main Equations 134
Problems 137
Materials Online 138
References 139
Chapter 6 Gaussian Dispersion Modeling: An In-Depth Study 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Gaussian Plume Models 142
6.3 Parameterizations Based on Stability Classes 145
6.4 Gaussian Plume Dispersion Short Cut 148
6.5 Plume Dispersion Modifiers 150
6.6 Continuous Parameterization for Gaussian Dispersion Models 153
6.7 Gaussian Plume Models for Nonpoint Sources 172
6.8 Virtual Source Concept 174
6.9 Special Issues 175
6.10 Gaussian Puff Modeling 180
6.11 Advanced Topics in Meteorology 187
6.12 Summary of the Main Equations 193
Problems 195
Materials Online 197
References 197
Chapter 7 PlumeAtmosphere Interactions 201
7.1 Introduction 201
7.2 Plume Rise 201
7.3 Plume Downwash: PRIME (Plume RIse Model Enhancements) 215
7.4 Behavior of Denser-than-Air Plumes 225
7.5 Deposition 234
7.6 Summary of the Main Equations 288
Problems 291
Materials Online 292
References 292
Chapter 8 Gaussian Model Approaches in Urban or Industrial Terrain 296
8.1 Introduction 296
8.2 Wind Flow around Obstacles 297
8.3 Surface Roughness and Displacement Height in Urban and Industrial Terrain 298
8.4 Wind Speed Profiles near the Surface: Deviations from Similarity Theory 303
8.5 Turbulence in Urban Terrain 314
8.6 Dispersion Calculations in Urban Terrain near the Surface 317
8.7 An Example 320
8.8 Summary of the Main Equations 324
Problems 326
Materials Online 327
References 327
Chapter 9 Stochastic Modeling Approaches 329
9.1 Introduction 329
9.2 Fundamentals of Stochastic Air Dispersion Modeling 330
9.3 Numerical Aspects of Stochastic Modeling 348
9.4 Stochastic Lagrangian Calculati...