Studying the Ocean Planet requires measuring and sampling instruments to feed models that take into account its complexity. This book presents the diversity of observation and monitoring techniques at various scales, but also different kinds of model that take into account some conceptual schemes incorporating various scientific knowledge. Sampling is approached via the efficiency of fishing gears; underwater acoustics is used to detect, count, identify and listen to live and mobile living resources. Bio-logging allows us to rely on the behavior of marine animals to help investigate environments that are difficult to sample by conventional means, while listing the physiological changes they undergo. Modeling is presented not only in a functional framework, but also in an exploratory design incorporating various scenarios for ecosystem changes under the pressure of global change. This ninth volume completes the "Seas and Oceans" Set that adopts a transversal approach leading to the governance and sustainable management of the marine environment.
Autorentext
André Monaco is Emeritus Director of Research for the French national center (CNRS). His research interests concern marine sedimentology and geochemistry. He was responsible for several French and European programs and has been guest editor for four special issues in international journals.
Patrick Prouzet is Director of Research focusing on the ecosystem approach of Ifremer in France. He specializes in the biology and dynamics of anadromous fish such as Atlantic salmon and eels. He is the author and co-author of several works on these species or on estuary fishing.
Inhalt
Foreword xi
Chapter 1. For a Systemic and Transdisciplinary Approach to the Environment 1
André MONACO, Patrick PROUZET and Patrick VINCENT
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. A complex and vulnerable ocean system 4
1.3. Suitable observation tools 9
1.3.1. For a systemic vision of the ocean 10
1.3.2. To assess our vulnerability to global change 11
1.3.3. The contribution of operational oceanography 13
1.3.4. New technologies applied to the living world 15
1.4. Conclusion 16
1.5. Acknowledgments 17
1.6. Bibliography 17
Chapter 2. Vulnerability to Global Change: Observation Strategies for the Marine Environment 19
Patrick FARCY, Gilles REVERDIN and Philippe BERTRAND
2.1. Introduction 19
2.2. Marine environment observation strategies 20
2.2.1. Parameters to measure 21
2.2.2. Measurement techniques with wide-ranging applications 25
2.3. Some large observation domains 28
2.3.1. The open sea 28
2.3.2. The coastal and littoral ocean 30
2.3.3. The ocean floor: substratum and population 36
2.4. Satellite contribution to observation strategies 42
2.5. In situ observation 45
2.5.1. Lagrangian measurements at the surface and in the water column 45
2.5.2. Eulerian measurements 56
2.5.3. Other significant parameters 60
2.6. Observation strategies 64
2.6.1. The observatory approach 64
2.6.2. Some examples of the complementariness of the measurements taken by networks 66
2.6.3. What's the point of modeling? 67
2.7. What next? 69
2.8. Bibliography 72
Chapter 3. Fishing Technology for Fisheries Research 75
Pascal LARNAUD and Benoit VINCENT
3.1. Introduction 75
3.2. The methods employed to measure selectivity 77
3.2.1. What is selectivity? 77
3.2.2. The tools employed to measure meshes 79
3.2.3. The case of trawls 81
3.2.4. Fishing nets and other gear 89
3.3. The tools and observation methods of fishing gear 94
3.3.1. Hydrodynamic tank test 95
3.3.2. Submarine video recording 99
3.3.3. Measurement tools in the domain of fishing technology 103
3.4. Computer simulation tools 104
3.5. Perspectives 108
3.6. Bibliography 109
Chapter 4. Acoustics to Detect and Measure Underwater Organisms 113
Verena TRENKEL, Aude PACINI and Laurent BERGER
4.1. Introduction 113
4.1.1. Physical principles of underwater acoustics 113
4.1.2. Instruments 117
4.2. How animals use acoustics 120
4.2.1. Marine mammals 121
4.2.2. Fish 123
4.2.3. Other marine animals 124
4.3. How researchers use acoustics 124
4.3.1. Widening the observation scope 124
4.3.2. Describing animal behavior 126
4.3.3. Estimating fish abundance 128
4.3.4. Ecosystem indicators 130
4.3.5. Seafloor and benthic habitat characterization 131
4.3.6. Quantifying the impact of human activities on ecosystems 131
4.4. Practical uses of acoustics 132
4.4.1. Equipment 132
4.4.2. Carrying out a research cruise 135
4.4.3. Data processing 137
4.4.4. Advantages and drawbacks of acoustics 139
4.5. Acknowledgments 140
4.6. Bibliography 140
Chapter 5. Bio-logging as a Tool to Study and Monitor Marine Ecosystems, or How to Spy on Sea Creatures 143
Yann TREMBLAY and Sophie BERTRAND
5.1. Introduction 143
5.2. The variety of sensors and measurements 144
5.2.1. Position measurements 144
5.2.2. Physiological measurements 147
5.2.3. Behavioral measurements 147
5.2.4. Environmental measurements 148
5.2.5. Presence measurements 149<...