The most clearly identifiable and popular form of Japanese hip-hop, "ghetto" or "gangsta" music has much in common with its corresponding American subgenres, including its portrayal of life on the margins, confrontational style, and aspirational "rags-to-riches" narratives. Contrary to depictions of an ethnically and economically homogeneous Japan, gangsta J-hop gives voice to the suffering, deprivation, and social exclusion experienced by many modern Japanese. 24 Bars to Kill offers a fascinating ethnographic account of this music as well as the subculture around it, showing how gangsta hip-hop arises from widespread dissatisfaction and malaise.

Andrew B. Armstrong teaches anthropology at Bridgewater State University. He holds a doctorate from Boston University.

List of Figures
Acknowledgements
Note on Language

Introduction: A Hip Hop Introduction to Other Japans

Chapter 1. Down in the Ghetto
Chapter 2. Hypermasculinity and Ghetto/Gangsta Authenticity
Chapter 3. Represent JP Koreans! Ethnic Identity in Zainichi Hip Hop
Chapter 4. Rapping for the Nation

Afterword

References
Index