The book examines the possibility of integrating different membrane unit operations (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and gas separation) in the same industrial cycle or in combination with conventional separation systems. It gives careful analysis of the technical aspects, and the possible fields of industrial development.
The book reviews many original solutions in water desalination, agro-food productions and wastewater treatments, highlighting the advantages achievable in terms of product quality, compactness, rationalization and optimization of productive cycles, reduction of environmental impact and energy saving. Also included are examples of membrane reactors and their integration with a fuel cell; polymeric membranes in the integrated gasification combined cycle power plants; integrating a membrane reformer into a solar system; and potential application of membrane integrated systems in the fusion reactor fuel cycle.
With detailed analysis and broad coverage, the book is divided into two sections: Bio-applications and Inorganic Applications.
Autorentext
Angelo Basile is a senior researcher at the Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). His research is focussed onultra-pure hydrogen production and CO2 capture using inorganic membrane reactors as well as on the polymeric membranes (preparation and characterization) to be used for gas separation. Angelo has published more than 100 papers in the field of membrane technology, has written over 50 book chapters and edited or co-edited 8 books. He is also Associate Editor for the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy for Elsevier.
Catherine Charcosset is Research Director at the Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, part of the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), based at the University of Lyon, France. Her research includes work on the characterization of membranes by confocal microscopy, ultrafiltration and microfiltration, membrane chromatography, preparation of emulsions and particles, and membrane crystallization for biotechnological, pharmaceutical and environmental applications. Catherine has published extensively in these fields especially filtration and membrane chromatography, both as articles and book chapters.
Leseprobe
1
Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis in Integrated Membrane Processes
Catherine Charcosset
Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
1.1 Introduction
Membrane science and technology have known an impressive growth since the early 1960s when Loeb and Sourirajan discovered an effective method for the preparation of asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes with increased permeation flux without significant changes in selectivity. Pressure-driven separation techniques such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) have then been extensively studied and developed in industries including desalination and wastewater treatment, biotechnology and pharmaceutics, chemical and food industries. Other membrane processes have been developed and found industrial applications such as gas separation and pervaporation, membrane distillation (MD), electrodialysis (ED), membrane bioreactor (MBRs), and membrane contactors. Membrane technology is usually recognized for the following advantages: operational simplicity, low energetic requirements, good stability under a wide range of operative conditions, high eco-compatibility, easy control and scale-up, large flexibility [1].
With the increasing understanding and development of membrane techniques, it became possible to integrate various membrane operations in the same process with the purpose to improve performance in terms of product quality, plant compactness, environmental impact, and energy use. The concept of integrated membrane processes appears clearly at the end of the 1990s [1] when several applications were reported such as hybrid process NF-ED for treatment of pulp bleaching effluents [2], multistages UF, NF and RO for removal of contaminants from wastewater effluents [3] and RO-MD for seawater desalination [4]. In the following years, it became more and more obvious that other combinations could have significant impact [5], such as MBR-RO for wastewater treatment [6], pressure-driven membrane processes-MD for the treatment of wastewaters [7], and multistages pressure-driven membrane processes for high-resolution separations of biomolecules from food and biotechnology feeds [8].
In this chapter, some general backgrounds on membrane processes are first recalled including pressure-driven processes (MF, UF, NF, RO), and MD, ED and MBRs. Examples of membrane integrated processes are then given such as multistages pressure driven membrane processes and pressure-driven membrane processes associated to MD, ED or MBRs. Applications concern seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, separation in biotechnology and food industries and chemical production. These hybrid membrane techniques are further detailed in the following chapters of the book as well as other integrated membrane processes. Integrated membrane processes including gas and vapour separation and catalytic membrane reactors are considered in the second part of this book. Another important aspect of integrated membrane processes concern their association with processes other than membranes. This is also considered in the following chapters.
1.2 Membrane Processes
Various membrane operations are available for a wide range of industrial applications. Pressure-driven membrane processes include MF, UF, NF and RO. Other membrane unit operations include MD, ED and MBRs.
1.2.1 Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration and Nanofiltration
UF is a size exclusion pressure-driven separation process which came into use in the 1960s when Loeb and Sourirajan discovered the preparation of asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes [9]. UF membranes typically have pore sizes in the range of 10-1000 Å and are capable of retaining species in the molecular weight range of 300-1,
Inhalt
List of Contributors ix
Preface xi
1 Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis in Integrated Membrane Processes 1
Catherine Charcosset
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Membrane Processes 2
1.2.1 Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration and Nanofiltration 2
1.2.2 Reverse Osmosis 3
1.2.3 Membrane Distillation 3
1.2.4 Electrodialysis 4
1.2.5 Membrane Bioreactors 5
1.3 Combination of Various Membrane Processes 6
1.3.1 Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 6
1.3.2 Membrane Distillation and Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 12
1.3.3 Electrodialysis and Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 13
1.3.4 Membrane Bioreactors and Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 14
1.3.5 Other Processes and Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 15
1.4 Conclusion 17
List of Abbreviations 18
References 18
2 Bioseparations Using Integrated Membrane Processes 23
Raja Ghosh
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Integrated Bioseparation Processes Involving Microfiltration 24
2.3 Integrated Bioseparation Processes Involving Ultrafiltration 28
2.4 Conclusion 31
References 32
3 Integrated Membrane Processes in the Food Industry 35
Alfredo Cassano
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Fruit Juice Processing 36
3.2.1 Fruit Juice Clarification 36
3.2.2 Fruit Juice Concentration 38
3.2.3 Integrated Systems in Fruit Juice Processing 40
3.3 Milk and Whey Processing 48
3…