This book focuses on how obesity and sedentary lifestyles adversely affect cancer risk and survival for individuals as well as mechanisms that may underlie those associations. However, evidence is accumulating rapidly on the cost of obesity and sedentary lifestyles to society. For example, obesity is estimated to lead to costs of $147 billion in the US.6 While research on individual level interventions for weight loss and increasing physical activity have identified efficacious approaches, these changes in behavior are not maintained by many in the current environments in the US and worldwide that promote weight gain and inactivity. Research on environmental and policy approaches for addressing these problems at the societal level is needed7, 8 and is a major component of the President's Report on Childhood Obesity released in April 2010. The epidemic of overweight and obesity and the increasing sedentary lifestyles will impact the magnitude and quality of the cancer problem globally. Increasing the knowledge of scientists, clinicians, and policy experts will aid in defining new prevention and treatment methods, to reduce the impact of energy balance on cancer, with the goal to eventually reduce the burden of cancer. Hopefully, this knowledge can be translated into incentives for the general public, persons at high risk, and cancer patients and survivors to increase physical activity, reduce excess weight, and maintain energy balance lifelong.

The World Health Organization estimates that 25 percent of common cancers can be prevented through regular physical activity and weight control. Common cancers linked to overweight/obesity and a sedentary lifestyle include breast, colon, endometrium, pancreas, renal, esophageal, and several others. There are several plausible mechanisms linking lack of physical activity and increased adiposity to cancer risk, supported by results from animal experiments and human intervention studies.

Introduction

Anne McTiernan, Linda Nebeling, Rachel Ballard-Barbash

Epidemiology of overweight/obesity and cancer risk

Eugenia Calle

Epidemiology of physical activity and cancer risk.

Kathryn Schmitz, I-Min Lee, Anne McTiernan

Dietary energy restriction, exercise, and mammary carcinogenesis

Henry Thompson

Animal model of obesity and advanced prostate cancer

Tim Nagy

Dietary energy restriction, exercise, and colon carcinogenesis

Steve Hursting

Mechanisms linking obesity to cancer risk in humans

Catherine Duggan and Anne McTiernan

Mechanisms linking physical activity to cancer risk in humans.

Andrew Rundle

Physical activity, weight control, and cancer prognosis

Kathryn Schmitz and Melinda Irwin

Summary, future directions

Anne McTiernan, Linda Nebeling, Rachel Ballard-Barbash