The present book is covers the recent advances in the development on the regulation of such theragnosis system and their biomedical perspectives to act as a future nanomedicine. Advanced Theranostics Materialsis written by a distinguished group of contributors and provides comprehensive coverage of the current literature, up-to-date overview of all aspects of advanced theranostics materials ranging from system biology, diagnostics, imaging, image-guided therapy, therapeutics, biosensors, and translational medicine and personalized medicine, as well as the much broader task of covering most topics of biomedical research. The books focusses on the following topics:

Part 1: System biology and translational medicine

* Aberrant Signaling Pathways: Hallmark of Cancer Cells and Target for Nanotherapeutics

* Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment

* Biomacromolecule-Gated Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery Systems

* Construction of Functional DNA Nanostructures for Theranostic Applications

* Smart Polypeptide Nanocarriers for Malignancy Therapeutics

Part 2: Imaging and therapeutics

* Dimercaptosuccinic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles as a localized delivery system in cancer immunotherapy

* Cardiovascular nanomedicine

* Chitosan-based systems for sustained drug release

* Nanocapsules in biomedicine: promises and challenges

* Chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes: characteristics and application in formulation of particulate drug carriers

Part 3: Diagnostics and featured prognostics

* Non-invasive Glucose Biosensors based on Nanomaterials

* Self/directed Assembly of Nanoparticles: A review on various approaches

* Ion exchangers - an open window for the development of advanced materials with pharmaceutical and medical applications

New Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications

Prof. Ashutosh Tiwari is Managing Director, Tekidag AB and Group leader, Smart Materials and Biodevices at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 425 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored about 25 books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science and technology. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress, Smart Materials and Surfaces, Korean Advanced Materials World Congress, African Advanced Materials World Congress, European Graphene Forum and the World Technology Forum.

Jeong-Woo Choi is a Professor at Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and a director of Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, South Korea. He received Ph. D. in Rutgers University (USA), D.Eng. in Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) and MBA in University of Durham (UK); a visiting scientist in IBM Almaden Research Center and Mitsubishi Electronics Advanced Technology R&D Center. He is an editorial member of Biochip Journal, Biotechnology & Bioprocess Engineering, and J. Ind. & Eng. Chem. He has published more than 340 articles in peer-reviewed international journals and 46 patents in biosensor and bioelectronics fields, and he has edited/authored fifteen books on biosensor and advanced biomaterials.

Preface xiii

Part 1: System Biology and Translational Medicine

1 Aberrant Signaling Pathways 3
Gulnaz T. Javan, Sheree J. Finley, Ismail Can, Amandeep Salhotra, Ashinm Malhotra, and Shivani Soni

1.1 Cancer 4

1.2 Pathways Deregulated in Cancer: Introduction 4

1.3 Introduction to Nanotechnology 6

1.3.1 Overview of Clinical Nanotechnology 9

1.3.2 Current Usage in Cancer Treatment 13

1.4 Current Uses in Cancer Diagnostic 14

1.4.1 The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-AKT Pathway 15

1.4.2 The MAPK Pathway 18

1.4.3 mTOR Pathway 20

1.4.4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 23

Acknowledgment 26

References 27

2 Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 37
Behnoud Hormozi

2.1 Introduction 38

2.1.1 Nanotechnology 38

2.1.2 Nanobiotechnology 38

2.1.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 39

2.1.4 Cancer and Nano in Medicine 41

2.2 Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 41

2.3 Nanoparticle Platforms as Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy 43

2.3.1 Lipid-based Nanoparticle Platforms 44

2.3.2 Polymer-based Nanoparticle Platforms 45

2.3.3 Protein-based Nanoparticle Platforms 47

2.3.4 Inorganic Nanoparticle Platforms 47

2.4 Theranostic Nanomedicine 50

2.4.1 Theranostic Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy 54

2.5 Selective Drug Delivery and Encapsulation for Chemotherapy 54

2.6 Stimuli-Sensitive Nanopreparations 55

2.7 Multifunctional Nanopreparations 56

2.8 Cancer Nanotechnology: Future and Challenges 58

References 59

3 Biomacromolecule-Gated Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery Systems for Stimuli-Responsive Controlled Release 67
Xuezhong Du

3.1 Introduction 68

3.2 Protein-Gated MSN Drug Delivery Systems 69

3.2.1 Ligand-Binding Protein-Gated MSN Systems 70

3.2.2 Metal-Chelating Protein-Gated MSN Systems 74

3.3 DNA-Gated MSN Drug Delivery Systems 75

3.3.1 Single-Stranded DNA-Gated MSN Systems 76

3.3.2 Double-Stranded DNA-Gated MSN Systems 77

3.3.3 Hairpin or Quadruplex DNA-Gated MSN Systems 80

3.3.4 Native DNA-Gated MSN Systems 83

3.3.5 Near-Infrared Light-Triggered DNA-Gated MSN Systems 87

3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 89

Acknowledgments 90

References 90

4 Construction of Functional DNA Nanostructures for Theranostic Applications 93
Jiang Li, Fan Li, Hao Pei, Lihua Wang, Qing Huang, and Chunhai Fan

4.1 The Progress of Structural DNA Nanotechnology 94

4.2 DNA Nanostructures for Diagnostics 96

4.3 DNA Nanostructures for Diagnostics on the Interface 96

4.4 Diagnostic in Homogeneous Solution 99

4.4.1 Spherical Nucleic Acids (SNA) Probes for Detections in Solution 99

4.4.2 Nanochips in Solution 100

4.4.3 Intracellular/In Vivo Diagnosis 103

4.5 DNA Nanostructures for Therapeutics 106

4.5.1 Delivery of Small-Molecular Drugs 107

4.5.2 Delivery of CpG DNAs 109

4.5.3 RNA Interference (RNAi) 111

4.5.4 Delivery of Proteins 114

4.6 Integration of Diagnosis and Therapy: Smart DNA Theranostic Nanodevices 115

4.7 Targeted Delivery 115

4.8 Controlled/Triggered Release 117

4.9 Summary and Perspectives 119

4.9.1 The Bioeffects of DNA Nanostructures 119

4.9.2 Purity and Yield 120

4.9.3 Dynamic Structures for Theranostic 120

References 121

Part 2: Imaging and Therapeutics

5 Dimercaptosuccinic Acid-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Localized Delivery System in Cancer Immunotherapy 133
Raquel Mejías, Lucía Gutiérrez, María P. Morales, and Domingo F. Barber

5.1 Introduction 134

5.1.1 Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Systems 134