Psychological Foundations of Education presents some of the principles of psychology that are relevant to learning and teaching. It presents an alternative answer to the problem of the bifurcation of general and educational psychology in the curriculum of teacher preparation. While the solution is provisional and has obvious imperfections, it is offered in the hope that it may stimulate discussion of the problem and other solutions and/or explicit justifications for past practice.
Key concepts discussed include teachers' attitudes and behavior, different types of learning, technology in education, forgetting and extinction, child development, and intelligence measurements. Also covered are the assessment of educational achievement, the social psychology of the classroom, and education in urban schools. This text should have a variety of uses in classes where students are preparing for teaching. It was written specifically for those situations in which the prospective teacher is introduced to psychology through a one- or two-semester integrated sequence.
Inhalt
Preface
1. Psychology and Education
What Is Psychology?
The Purposes of Psychological Study
How Psychological Knowledge Grows
A Modern View of the Moon Illusion
What Is Educational Psychology?
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
2. The Teacher and the Class
Teachers' Attitudes about Behavior
The Role Characteristics of the American Teacher
The Personality of the Teacher
Learning in the Classroom and Effective Teaching
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
3. Learning: The Acquisition of New Responses
Acquiring Information or Developing Habits?
Conditioning
Motivation and Learning
All-or-None Learning versus Gradual Learning
The Problem
Discrimination Learning
Extinction
The Discrimination Learning Paradigm
Paired-Associates Learning
Reinforcement
Some Typical Reinforcements
Secondary Reinforcers
Behavior Modification: Reinforcement Principles in Human Behavior
Effect of Amount of Reinforcement on Speed of Response
Effect of Amount of Reinforcement on Quality of Performance
Delay of Reinforcement
Delay of Informative Feedback
Latent Learning
Response Prompting
Stimulus Generalization
Transfer of Training
Definition of Transfer of Training
Effects of Stimulus and Response Similarity upon Transfer
Effects of Number of Trials during Training upon Transfer
Transfer of Structure-Advanced Organizers
Learning to Learn and Learning Sets
Several Aspects of Verbal Learning
Difficulty of Learning as a Function of Task Length
Mnemonic Devices
Effect of Degree of Meaningfulness upon Learning
Incidental Learning
Effects of Similarity within Parts of a List
Thinking and Problem Solving
The Mediation Hypothesis
A Representative Experiment on Problem Solving
Reversal versus Nonreversal Shifts as Related to Mediational Responses 99
Transfer of Mediating Responses in Complex Problems
Transposition
Discovery Methods and Learning by Rules
A Model of School Learning
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
4. Learning and the Technology of Education
Automated Instruction and Programmed Learning
The Programming of Instruction
Programmed Instruction and the Learner
Defining Objectives in Learning
Learning: Theory and Application
Computer-Assisted Instruction
Technology and Innovations in the Curriculum
Reading
Mathematics Instruction
Instruction in Other Areas
Science, Technology, and Education
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
5. Forgetting and Extinction: The Elimination of Behavior
Forgetting
Forgetting as a Function of Time since Learning
Effects of Completeness of Learning upon Forgetting
General Effects of Massing and Distribution of Practice
Reminiscence
Other Effects of Distributed Practice
Meaningfulness and Retention
Retention of Classroom Learning
Different Measures of Forgetting
Savings in Relearning from Previous Learning
Means of Maximizing Recall
Interference Theory: Proactive and Retroactive Inhibition
Immediate (Short-Term) Memory
Two-Process Theory
Extinction
Comparison of Extinction and Forgetting
Spontaneous Recovery and Interference Theory
Successive Acquisitions and Extinctions
Partial Reinforcement Effects
Frustration and Partial Reinforcement
Some Principles of Response Elimination, with Hints for Classroom Application
Effect of Habit Reversal upon Learning Sets
Summary
Appendix to Chapter 5
Suggested Readings
References
6. Thinking and Concept Formation
René Descartes
John Locke
Contemporary Views of Thinking
Problem Solving
Creativity and Problem Solving
Concept Learning
Stimulus Generalization and Concepts
Efficient Learning of Concepts
Concept Attainment in the Classroom
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
7. The Physical Basis of Behavior
The Physical Organization of Behavior
The Neuron
The Myelin Sheath
The Nerve Impulse
The "All-or-None" Principle of Nerve Conduction
The Synapse
The Eye
The Ear
Taste and Smell
Somesthesis
The Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
The Brain
The Autonomic Nervous System
The Central Nervous System and Behavior
Brain Stimulation and Learning
Sensation and Perception
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
8. Education and the Atypical Child
Incidence of Exceptional Children and Youth
Visual Problems
Auditory Problems
Speech Impairment
Motor Impairments and Special Health Problems
Cerebral Palsy
Other Crippling Conditions
Epilepsy
General Health Problems
Mental Retardation
Psychoneurological Learning Disability
The Emotionally Disturbed Child
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
9. Normative and Biological Studies of Child Development
Behavioral Development during the First Year of Life
Responses Available at Birth
Normative Data
Gesell's Findings for Infants under One Year
A Comparison of Infant Humans and Infant Chimpanzees
Children's Behavior One Year and Over
Children from 18 Months through Four Years of Age
Children from Five through Ten Years of Age
Youth from 11 through 16 Years of Age
An Application of Gesell's Techniques to Classroom Procedures
Typical Growth Patterns
Height
A Note on Research Methods: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
Weight
Height and Weight at Two and at Maturity
Psychological Consequences of Different Growth Rates
Changes in Body Proportion
Other Aspects of Growth
Muscular Development and Activity
An Example of Developmental Norms with an Indication of Variability
Children's Sleep
Effects of Impoverishment of the Environment
Restri…