In the novels of George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, and D.H. Lawrence a miniature history of the English working class can be found. Through their sympathetic portrayals, these authors transformed working-class culture from a patronizing pastiche into a vital reality. This achievement was crucial to the rise of the English working-class as the key agency of democratic reform from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. In our own times, by contrast, depictions of working-class culture are patronizing at best, if not openly denigrating. This crisis of representation has born recent fruit in the phenomenon of populism, a long-term consequence of the undermining of genuinely popular rule under neoliberal capitalism. Returning to the works of Eliot, Hardy, and Lawrence allows us to regain a sense of direction for contemporary politics, by rediscovering the vital force of working-class culture.

Brian Elliott is Associate Professor in the Philosophy Department at Portland State University, USA. He has published seven books, most recently The Roots of Populism (2021) and Landscape and Labour: Work, Place, and the Working Class in Eliot, Hardy, and Lawrence (2021). His work is situated at the intersection of social, political, and aesthetic theory.