This expanded and fully updated Second Edition of the most
comprehensive and successful book on lobsters, comprises
contributions from many of the world's experts, each
providing core information for all those working in lobster
biology, fisheries research and management and lobster
aquaculture.

Under the editorship of Bruce Phillips, the Second Edition of
Lobsters: Biology, Management, Fisheries and Aquaculture
delivers exhaustive coverage of these fascinating creatures,
stretching from growth and development to management and
conservation. A number of chapters from the First Edition covering
Growth, Reproduction, Diseases, Behaviour, Nutrition, Larval and
Post-Larval Ecology and Juvenile and Adult Ecology have been
replaced by new chapters including Lobsters in Ecosystems,
Genetics, Translocation, Climate Change, Ecolabelling of Lobsters,
Casitas and Other Artificial Shelters, Systems to maximise Economic
Benefits.. These new chapters reflect changes that are occurring in
lobster management and new research developments brought on by
social, climatic and economic changes.

As well as information from new research output, information in
each chapter is also included on individual commercial Genera,
including aspects of Species and distribution, Predators and
diseases, Ecology and behaviour, Aquaculture and enhancement,
Harvest of wild populations and their regulations, Management and
conservation. The chapter on slipper lobsters has also been
expanded to include Thenus and Ibacus species which
are now subject to commercial fisheries. The changes that have
occurred in some lobster fisheries, the new management arrangements
in place, the status of stocks and the current economic and social
situation of each fishery have also been covered and discussed in
great detail.

Fisheries scientists, fisheries managers aquaculture personnel,
aquatic and invertebrate biologists, physiologists, ecologists,
marine biologists and environmental biologists will all find
Lobsters Second Edition to be a vital source of reference.
Libraries in all universities and research establishments where
biological and life sciences and fisheries and aquaculture are
studied and taught will find it an extremely valuable addition to
their shelves.

Bruce Phillips is based at the Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia and is highly regarded for his work in the area of fisheries and aquaculture with a focus on invertebrates.

This expanded and fully updated Second Edition of the most comprehensive and successful book on lobsters, comprises contributions from many of the world's experts, each providing core information for all those working in lobster biology, fisheries research and management and lobster aquaculture.

Under the editorship of Bruce Phillips, the Second Edition of Lobsters: Biology, Management, Fisheries and Aquaculture delivers exhaustive coverage of these fascinating creatures, stretching from growth and development to management and conservation. A number of chapters from the First Edition covering Growth, Reproduction, Diseases, Behaviour, Nutrition, Larval and Post-Larval Ecology and Juvenile and Adult Ecology have been replaced by new chapters including Lobsters in Ecosystems, Genetics, Translocation, Climate Change, Ecolabelling of Lobsters, Casitas and Other Artificial Shelters, Systems to maximise Economic Benefits.. These new chapters reflect changes that are occurring in lobster management and new research developments brought on by social, climatic and economic changes.

As well as information from new research output, information in each chapter is also included on individual commercial Genera, including aspects of Species and distribution, Predators and diseases, Ecology and behaviour, Aquaculture and enhancement, Harvest of wild populations and their regulations, Management and conservation. The chapter on slipper lobsters has also been expanded to include Thenus and Ibacus species which are now subject to commercial fisheries. The changes that have occurred in some lobster fisheries, the new management arrangements in place, the status of stocks and the current economic and social situation of each fishery have also been covered and discussed in great detail.

Fisheries scientists, fisheries managers aquaculture personnel, aquatic and invertebrate biologists, physiologists, ecologists, marine biologists and environmental biologists will all find Lobsters Second Edition to be a vital source of reference. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological and life sciences and fisheries and aquaculture are studied and taught will find it an extremely valuable addition to their shelves.

Contributors xi

Preface xiv

Chapter 1 Lobsters as Part of Marine Ecosystems - A Review 1
Bruce F. Phillips, Richard A. Wahle and Trevor J. Ward

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Species overviews 3

1.2.1 Western rock (spiny) lobster Panulirus cygnus 3

1.2.2 The American lobster Homarus americanus 7

1.3 How far have we come in thinking about lobsters as part of the ecosystem? 11

1.3.1 Panulirus cygnus 11

1.3.2 Homarus americanus 15

1.4 Human role in ecosystem dynamics 18

1.4.1 Institutional structures 18

1.4.2 Direct effects of management 19

1.4.3 Indirect effects - top-down forcing by predator removal 20

1.4.4 Indirect effects - bottom-up forcing by bait subsidies 21

1.4.5 Climate change impacts 21

1.5 Single species to ecosystem management - how far have we come? 22

1.5.1 Panulirus cygnus 23

1.5.2 Homarus americanus 26

1.6 Implications for management and research 27

1.6.1 Top-down, bottom-up ecology 27

1.6.2 Inclusive governance systems 27

1.6.3 Stock rebuilding strategies 28

1.6.4 Environmental drivers of settlement patterns 28

1.6.5 Historical ecosystem structure 29

1.7 Conclusions 29

References 30

Chapter 2 Genetics of Wild and Captive Lobster Populations 36
W. Jason Kennington, Roy Melville-Smith and Oliver Berry

2.1 Introduction 36

2.2 Population structure 37

2.2.1 Chaotic genetic patchiness 39

2.2.2 Post-glaciation demographic expansions 39

2.3 Species identifi cation 40

2.4 Applications of species identifi cation and DNA barcoding to lobster research and management 41

2.4.1 DNA surveillance of product substitution and cross-contamination 41

2.4.2 Identification of wild lobsters 41

2.4.3 Charactering lobster diets 42

2.4.4 DNA-based methods typically employed for species identifi cation 43

2.4.5 Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism 43

2.4.6 Melt-curve analysis 44

2.4.7 Species-specifi c polymerase chain reaction 44

2.5 Variation in reproductive success 45

2.6 Genetic effects of harvesting 46

2.6.1 Fishing-induced evolution 46

2.6.2 Impacting genetic diversity 50

2.7 Considerations for aquaculture and stock enhancement 50

2.7.1 Aquaculture 50

2.7.2 Stock enhancement 51

2.8 Conclusions and future directions 52

References 54

Chapter 3 Enhancement of Lobster Fisheries to Improve Yield and Value 64
Bridget S. Green, Caleb Gardner and Gro I. van der Meeren

3.1 Introduction 64

3.1.1 What is enhancement? 64

3.1.2 The motivation for enhancement 65

3.2 Monitoring the outcomes of enhancement operations 67

3.2.1 Growth and reproduction 68

3.2.2 Survival/change…