Models in Planning: An Introduction to the Use of Quantitative Models in Planning focuses on some of the techniques utilized for the construction of urban and regional models, with emphasis on the understanding of model structure rather than on rigorous mathematical analysis. Organized into eight chapters, this book begins by explaining the role of models in the planning process. Subsequent chapters elucidate the principles for the design and use of models, and the mathematical preliminaries involved. The different models, namely, linear, gravity, and Lowry models, are also described including their optimization. This material will be very useful for students and practicing planners with a limited numerate background. It will allow readers to follow up the extensive literature dealing with the more complex operational versions of the discussed models.
Inhalt
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1 The Role of Models in the Planning Process
The Planning Process
The Nature of Models
Models in the Planning Process
2 Principles for the Design and Use of Models
Problem Definition
Model Formulation
Simulation and Validation
Application
3 Mathematical Preliminaries
Variables
Constants and Parameters
Relationships and Functions
Subscripts
Summation Signs
Exponents
Solving Equations
4 Linear Models
Simple Linear Relationships
Multiple-Variable Models
Measuring the Strength of Linear Relationships
Problems and Limitations
Examples of Use
5 Gravity Models
Origin of Gravity Models
The Modern Form of the Gravity Model
Gravity Models as Location Models
Problems and Limitations
Examples of Use
6 The Lowry Model
Partial and General Models
The General Structure of the Lowry Model
The Economic Base Mechanism
The Location of Activities
The Integration of the Economic Base and Allocation Mechanisms
Problems and Limitations
Examples of Use
7 Optimizing Models
Optimizing Models as a Planning Tool
Graphical Solution of an Optimizing Problem
Problems and Limitations
8 Conclusions
The Characteristics of Urban Systems
The Characteristics of Existing Urban Models
A Possible Change of Approach
Appendix: Calculation of Regression and Correlation Coefficients
Regression Coefficients
Correlation Coefficient
Index