Among medieval Christian societies, Byzantium is unique in preserving an ecclesiastical ritual of adelphopoiesis, which pronounces two men, not related by birth, as brothers for life. It has its origin as a spiritual blessing in the monastic world of late antiquity, and it becomes a popular social networking strategy among lay people from the ninth century onwards, even finding application in recent times. Located at the intersection of religion and society, brother-making exemplifies how social practice can become ritualized and subsequently subjected to attempts of ecclesiastical and legal control. Controversially, adelphopoiesis was at the center of a modern debate about the existence of same-sex unions in medieval Europe. This book, the first ever comprehensive history of this unique feature of Byzantine life, argues persuasively that the ecclesiastical ritual to bless a relationship between two men bears no resemblance to marriage. Wide-ranging in its use of sources, from a complete census of the manuscripts containing the ritual of adelphopoiesis to the literature and archaeology of early monasticism, and from the works of hagiographers, historiographers, and legal experts in Byzantium to comparative material in the Latin West and the Slavic world, Brother-Making in Late Antiquity and Byzantium examines the fascinating religious and social features of the ritual, shedding light on little known aspects of Byzantine society.

Claudia Rapp is Professor of Byzantine Studies at the University of Vienna and Director of the Division of Byzantine Research, Institute for Medieval Studies, Austrian Academy of Sciences. She was awarded the 2015 Wittgenstein Prize, the most prestigious scientific award in Austria.

Acknowledgements Abbreviations, Spelling and Transliteration Introduction One: Social Structures Two: The Ritual of Adelphopoiesis Three: The Origins: Small-Group Monasticism in Late Antiquity Four: The Social Practice of Brother-Making in Byzantium Five: Prescriptions and Restrictions in Byzantium Six: Beyond Byzantium Appendix 1: List of Manuscripts Appendix 2: Table of Prayers Appendix 3: Prayers in Translation Bibliography: Sources Bibliography: Scholarly Literature