This book aims to impart all the practical knowledge required in order to evaluate and treat children with anatomical, neurological, and functional incontinence. It explains how appropriate choice of management in childhood depends first of all on a correct diagnosis, then on thorough urodynamic evaluation, and finally on sound assessment of the condition of the individual patient. The full range of relevant pathologies are considered and all of the treatment options are extensively discussed, including behavioral therapy, rehabilitation, physiotherapy, pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, endoscopic procedures, and surgical reconstruction. Careful attention is paid to the impacts that treatments performed during childhood may have on later adult life, including on fertility and pregnancy, with a view to ensuring that the reader will be in a position to time treatments correctly, thereby avoiding adverse effects, and possess all the information needed to address the concerns of patients and their families. The book will be of value to pediatricians, urologists, nurses, physiotherapist, students, and all others with an interest in the field.

Giovanni Mosiello, Pediatric NeuroUrology Research and Clinical Unit, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy

Giulio Del Popolo, Spinal Unit and Neurourology Department, Careggi Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy

Mario De Gennaro, Urology Unit, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy

Part 1. Diagnostic Evaluation.- 1. Anatomy and Neurophysiology of the Lower Urinary Tract and Pelvic Floor.- 2. Clinical Evaluation: History Taking and Urological, Gynecological, and Neurological Evaluation.-3. Diagnostic Scores: Questionnaires on Continence and Quality of Life.- 4. Diaries.- 5. Imaging: X-ray, Ultrasound, MRI.- 6. Endoscopy.- 7. Flowmetry and Noninvasive Evaluation.- 8. Cystometry, Pressure-Flow Study, and Urethral Pressure Profile.- 9. Videourodynamics.- 10. Neurophysiological Testing.- 11. Diagnostic Tests for Defecation Disorders: Anorectal Manometry, Ultrasound, Pelvic MRI, and Bowel Transit Time.- Part 2. Pathological Conditions.- 12. Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunctions in Children and Young Adults: An Introduction.- 13. Neurogenic Bladder: Myelomeningocele, Occult Spina Bifida, and Tethering.- 14. Spinal Cord Injury and Iatrogenic Lesion.- 15. Cerebral Palsy and Encephalopathies.- 16. Learning Disabilities and Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction.- 17. Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis.- 18. Nonmonosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis.- 19. Overactive Bladder.- 20. Daytime Lower Urinary Tract Conditions.- 21. Congenital and Iatrogenic Incontinence: Ectopic Ureter, Ureterocele, Urogenital Sinus.- 22. Congenital Incontinence: Exstrophy.- 23. Po29, Sterior Urethral Valves.- 24. Hypospadia and Urethral Stricture.- Part 3. Therapies.- 25. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.- 26. Rehabilitation and BFB.- 27. Clean Intermittent Catheterization.- 28. Pharmacological Therapy.- 29. Sacral Neuromodulation.- 30. Bowel Dysfunction Management.- 31. PTNS e TENS.- 32. Botulinum Toxin, Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Treatment (IVS and TOT).- 33. Laparoscopic Treatment.- 34. Surgery.