The Hydrocyclone reviews data on the theoretical, design, and performance aspects of the liquid cyclone, hydraulic cyclone, or hydrocyclone.
The book aims to be a source of reference to those who are in industries employing the use and application of the hydrocyclone. The text covers the historical development of the cyclone; flow pattern and distribution of velocities within the cyclone body; operational characteristics and areas of application in different phase separations; and the operating and design variables affecting the performance of the hydrocyclone. Categories of cyclone; commercially available cyclone equipment; and the specific industrial applications of the hydrocyclone are also surveyed.
The text will be of practical use to industrial engineers, mechanical engineers, plant operators, miners, and researchers.

Preface

1. Introduction


2. Historical Development


3. Mode of Operation


3.1. The Flow Pattern


3.2. Velocity Distributions


4. Tangential Velocity


4.1. Alternative Velocity Distribution Relationships


4.2. Experimental Measurement of Tangential Velocity Distributions


4.3. Values for The Flow Pattern Constants, n, a and ß


4.4. Summary of Data on n, a and ß and The Effects of Their Values on Design and Operating Variables


5. Areas of Application and Operational Characteristics


5.1. Separation of Solids from Liquid


5.2. Separation of Solid from Solid


5.3. Separation of Liquid from Liquid


5.4. Separation of Gas from Liquid


5.5. Miscellaneous Applications of the Hydrocyclone


5.6 Operational Features of the Hydrocyclone


6. Performance of Hydrocyclones


6.1. The Efficiency of a Cyclone


6.2. Pressure Drop in a Cyclone


6.3. Volume Split or Flow Ratio


7. Design Variables


7.1. Cyclone Diameter


7.2. Aperture Diameters


7.3. Vortex Finder Dimensions


7.4. Body Dimensions


7.5. Feed Inlet Geometry


7.6. Interior Surface Finish


7.7. Materials of Construction


7.8. Overflow and Underflow Collection Arrangements


7.9. Manifolding of Feed Lines


7.10. Summary of Design Variables


8. Operating Variables and Control of Operation


8.1. Feed Flow Rate


8.2. Feed Pressure or Pressure Drop


8.3. Solids Concentration in Feed and Underflow


8.4. Solids Size and Shape


8.5. Solids Density and Liquid Medium Density


8.6. Liquid Medium Viscosity


8.7. Reynolds Number in Cyclones


8.8. Back Pressure


8.9. Volume Split


8.10. Control of Cyclone Operation


9. Categories of Cyclone


9.1. The Cyclone Thickener


9.2. The Cyclone Classifier


9.3. The Cyclone Washer


9.4. Cyclone Liquid Separator


9.5. Mass Transfer Cyclone


9.6. Cyclone Gas Separator


9.7. Miscellaneous Cyclone Duties


10. Commercial Cyclones


11. Fields of Application in Industry


11.1. The Pulp and Paper Industry


11.2. Coal Preparation


11.3. Applications in Mineral Dressing


11.4. Applications in the China Clay Industry


11.5. Applications in the Cement Industry


11.6. Applications in the Whiting Industry


11.7. Applications in the Phosphate Mining Industry


11.8. Applications in the Sand and Gravel Industry


11.9. Applications in the Food Industry


11.10. Applications in the Petroleum Industry


11.11. Applications in the Chemical Industry


11.12. Applications in the Nuclear Power Industry


11.13. Applications in the Iron and Steel Industry


12. Equipment of the Cyclone Type


13. Bibliography


14. Patent Review


Appendix


Author Index


Subject Index


Other Titles in the Series


List of Illustrations


Fig. 1. Principal Features of a Hydrocyclone


Fig. 2. Schematic Representation of the Spiral Flow


Fig. 3. Schematic Representation of the Locus of Zero Vertical Velocity and the Air Core


Fig. 4. Schematic Representation of the Short Circuit and Eddy Flows


Fig. 5. (a) Dye Photograph of Outer Downward Movement


Fig. 5. (b) Dye Photograph of Inner Reversal


Fig. 5. (c) Dye Photograph of "Mantle"


Fig. 5. (d) Dye Photograph of "Mantle" Obtained by Direct Injection


Fig. 5. (e) Dye Photograph of Short Circuit Flow


Fig. 5. (f) Dye Photograph of Multiple Eddys


Fig. 6. (a) Photograph of Unestablished Vortex-With Overflow


Fig. 6. (b) Photograph of Established Vortex-Low Rate


Fig. 6. (c) Photograph of Established Vortex-High Rate


Fig. 7. Vertical Velocity Distribution


Fig. 8. Locus of Zero Vertical Velocity Extended into the Cylindrical Section


Fig. 9. Radial Velocity Distribution


Fig. 10. Tangential Velocity Distributions Corresponding to Given Relationships


Fig. 11. Tangential Velocity Distribution


Fig. 12. (a) Photograph of Spiral of Dye within the Region of Constant Angular Velocity


Fig. 12. (b) Photograph of Dye Remaining Outside the Region of Constant Angular Velocity


Fig. 13. Relationship Between a and ß


Fig. 14. Theoretical Tangential Velocity Distribution


Fig. 15. Theoretical Tangential Velocity Distribution. Data of Fig. 14 Plotted Logarithmically


Fig. 16. Element of Fluid in a Rotating Body


Fig. 17 Relationship between ß and Ac/Ai


Fig. 18. Data of Fig. 17 Given in ß Form and Compared with Yoshioka and Hotta Relationship


Fig. 19. Comparison of Yoshioka and Hotta Equation for ß with Data of Table 1


Fig. 20. Arrangement for the Series Connection of Cyclones


Fig. 21. Typical Efficiency Curves


Fig. 22. Two-Stage Liquid-Liquid Separation


Fig. 23. Capital Cost of Cyclones


Fig. 24. Shear Rate as a Function of Cyclone Radius


Fig. 25. Maximum Rate of Shear versus Cyclone Size


Fig. 26. Shear Diagrams and Apparent Viscosities of Clay Suspensions


Fig. 27. Calculated Values for Centrifugal Acceleration as a Function of Cyclone Radius


Fig. 28. Reduced Efficiency Curve of Yoshioka and Hotta


Fig. 29. Data Showing the Applicability of the Intermediate Law of Settling in Small Diameter Cyclones


Fig. 30. Particle Equilibria in Relation to the Locus of Zero Vertical Velocity


Fig. 31. Experimental Data on Cy50


Fig. 32. Comparison of Calculated Reduced Efficiency Curve with Curves Obtained in Practice


Fig. 33. Values for Correlation Parameter of de Gelder


Fig. 34. Plot of versus (From de Gelder)


Fig. 35. Values for Correlation Parameter J of de Gelder


Fig. 36. Constants for Use in Rietemas' Pressure Drop Correlation


Fig. 37. Pressure Drop versus Flow Rate


Fig. 38. Rate of Injection of Momentum versus Inlet Diameter


Fig. 39. Change in Vortex Finder Length


Fig. 40. The Effect of Change in Vortex Finder Length on the Efficiency of Separation of Different Size Groups


Fig. 41. Pressure Drop versus Capacity for Cyclones of Different Length and Cone Angle


Fig. 42. Types of …