Volume XV "Urology in Childhood" was written in 1956/57 and was the first in the series of the Encyclopedia of Urology to appear. This present volume has been constructed as a supplement and the original intention was to deal only with those subjects in which there have been significant advances during the intervening sixteen years. As the work has proceeded, however, it has become evident that there is no aspect of paediatric urology which has not been developed, and no topic which has not been illuminated by many contributions to the literature. Indeed, there has been such a copious flow of publications devoted to children's urinary tract disease that a full review is no longer possible within the compass of a volume of this size: the decision as to what should be left out has therefore been a matter of the greatest difficulty. The choice has been inevit­ ably arbitrary and many omissions are regretted. The attempt has been made, however, to report the most notable developments of the subject, and perhaps the greatest change in the practice of paediatric urology has been the full integra­ tion with paediatric nephrology. The team approach to infant disease in particular has led to greatly improved results. I have been fortunate to have Dr. T. M.

A. The Nephrological Background to Urology.- I. Development of Renal Function.- 1. Morphological and Biochemical Aspects.- 2. Renal Function before Birth.- 3. The Neonatal Kidney.- 4. Maturation of Renal Function.- II. Metabolic Aspects of Young Children.- 1. Body Size.- 2. Growth.- 3. Diet.- III. Body Fluids.- 1. Water and Electrolyte Physiology.- a) Sodium and Water.- b) Potassium.- c) Hydrogen Ion.- 2. Principles of Parenteral Fluid Therapy.- a) Hypovolaemia.- b) Deficit Replacement.- c) Maintenance Requirements.- d) Abnormal Losses.- IV. Assessment of Renal Function.- 1. General Considerations.- 2. Glomerular Function.- a) Urea.- b) Creatinine.- c) Glomerular Filtration Rate.- d) Individual Kidney Function.- 3. Tubular Function.- a) Measurement of Urine Concentration.- b) Acidification of Urine.- c) Proximal Tubular Function.- B. Acute Renal Failure.- I. Introduction.- II. Pathogenesis of Acute Renal Failure.- 1. Pre-Renal Factors.- 2. Renal Factors.- a) Acute Tubular Necrosis.- b) Renovascular Accidents.- c) Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.- d) Acute Glomerulonephritis.- e) Pyelonephritis.- 3. Post-Renal Factors.- III. Diagnosis.- IV. Consequences of Acute Renal Failure.- 1. Saline Overload.- 2. Osmolar Disturbances.- 3. Hyperkalaemia.- 4. Acidosis.- 5. Divalent Ions.- 6. Uraemia.- 7. Other Features.- a) Convulsions.- b) Sepsis.- c) Anaemia.- V. Conservative Management of Acute Renal Failure.- VI. Dialysis.- 1. Indications.- 2. Haemodialysis vs Peritoneal Dialysis.- 3. Peritoneal Dialysis.- a) Setting up Dialysis.- b) Dialysis Regime.- c) Complications.- VII. Conclusions.- C. Chronic Renal Failure in Children.- I. Introduction.- II. Epidemiology of Renal Failure in Children.- 1. Mortality.- 2. Aetiology.- III. Pathophysiology of Chronic Renal Failure.- 1. Adaptation to Diminishing GFR.- 2. Uraemia.- 3. Osteodystrophy.- a) Vitamin D.- b) Parathormone.- c) Evolution of Osteodystrophy.- 4. Haematological Consequences.- 5. Growth.- IV. Practical Aspects of Conservative Management.- 1. Elimination of Reversible Causes of Renal Failure.- 2. Dietary Control.- 3. Medical Complications.- 4. Planning for the Future.- V. Regular Haemodialysis.- 1. Access to the Circulation.- 2. Equipment and Dialysis Routine.- 3. Medical Problems.- 4. Psychological Problems.- 5. Results.- VI. Transplantation.- 1. Recipient Selection.- 2. Donor Selection.- 3. Technical Aspects.- 4. Immunosuppression and Medical Problems.- 5. Results.- VII. Conclusions.- D. Hypertension in Childhood.- I. Introduction.- II. The Normal Blood Pressure.- III. Saline Dependent Hypertension.- IV. Renin-Angiotensin Hypertension.- 1. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.- 2. Renovascular Hypertension.- a) Pathology.- b) Functional Aspects.- c) Investigation.- d) Treatment.- 3. Predominately Unilateral Renal Disease.- 4. Renal Tumours.- V. Corticosteroid Hypertension.- 1. Aldosterone.- 2. Cortisol.- VI. Catecholamine Hypertension.- 1. Physiology.- 2. Pathology.- 3. Functional Aspects and Diagnosis.- 4. Location and Treatment.- VII. Essential Hypertension.- VIII. Consequences of Hypertension.- 1. Cardiac.- 2. Neurological.- 3. Renal.- IX. Hypotensive Therapy.- 1. Indications for Treatment.- 2. Acute Hypertensive Emergencies.- 3. Saline-Dependent Hypertension.- 4. Long Term Therapy.- X. Summary.- E. Glomerular Disease and Haematuria.- I. Introduction.- II. Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury.- III. Methods of Investigation.- 1. Haematuria.- 2. Proteinuria.- 3. Complement.- 4 Renal Biopsy.- a) Background.- b) Equipment.- c) Indications and Precautions.- d) Technique.- e) Post-Operative Care and Complications.- f) Specimen Handling.- g) Normal Appearances and Terminology.- IV. Syndromes of Glomerulonephritis.- 1. The Acute Nephritic Syndrome.- 2. The Nephrotic Syndrome.- 3. Persistent Proteinuria.- 4. Recurrent Haematuria.- 5. Acute and Chronic Renal Failure.- V. Conclusion.- F. Renal Anomalies.- I. Introduction.- II. Absent Kidney.- III. The Small Kidney.- 1. Unilateral Hypoplasia.- 2. Bilateral Oligomeganephronic Hypoplasia.- 3. Segmental Hypoplasia.- 4. Dysplasia.- a) Dysplasia Associated with an Atretic Impermeable Ureter.- b) Dysplasia with Patent Ureter.- c) Dysplasia with Urethral Obstruction.- 5. Renal Vein Thrombosis.- 6. Renal Artery Stenosis.- 7. Medullary Necrosis.- 8. Pyelonephritis.- 9. Obstructive Atrophy.- 10. Post-Irradiation Atrophy.- IV. Multicystic Kidney.- V. Infantile Polycystic Kidney.- VI. Adult Polycystic Kidney.- VII. Medullary Cystic Disease: Nephronophthisis.- VIII. Medullary Sponge Kidney.- IX. Multilocular Cysts (Cystadenoma).- X. Serous Cysts.- XI. Pyelogenic Cysts (Caliceal Diverticula).- XII. Microcystic Disease.- XIII. Cystic Disease and the Multiple Anomaly Syndromes.- XIV. Fused, Ectopic and Dysmorphic Kidneys.- G. Urinary Tract Infection.- I. Introduction.- II. Diagnosis of Infection.- 1. Clinical Features.- 2. Significant Bacteriuria.- 3. Pyuria.- 4. Specimen Collection.- 5. Screening Techniques.- III. Bacteriology.- 1. Infecting Organism.- 2. Recurrences.- 3. Bacterial Variants.- 4. Localisation of Infection.- IV. Epidemiology.- 1. Neonates.- 2. School Children.- V. Immunology of Urinary Tract Infection.- 1. Serum Antibody Response.- 2. Local Antibody Production.- 3. Immunological Factors in Chronicity.- VI. Experimental Observations.- 1. Urineas a Culture Medium.- 2. Haematogenous Pyelonephritis.- 3. Ascending Infection.- VII. Specific Urological Associations.- 1. Vesicoureteric Reflux.- 2. Minor Urological Abnormalities.- 3. Obstructive Uropathy.- 4. Calculus Disease.- 5. Catheterisation.- VIII. Functional Sequelae of Urinary Tract Infection.- 1. Acute Infection.- 2. Chronic Pyelonephritis.- IX. Chronic Pyelonephritis.- 1. Pathological Diagnosis.- 2. Radiological Diagnosis.- 3. Bacteriology.- 4. Natural History of Pyelonephritis.- X. Treatment.- 1. Basic Considerations.- 2. The Acute Infection.- 3. Recurrences.- 4. The Emergence of Resistant Strains.- 5. Maintenance Chemotherapy.- 6. Antibiotic Therapy in Uraemia.- 7. Antibiotic Therapy in Neonates.- 8. Some New Antimicrobial Agents.- 9. Candida.- XI. Conclusion.- H. Localised Inflammatory Lesions.- I. The Kidney.- 1. Renal Carbuncle.- 2. Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis.- 3. Perinephric Abscess.- II. The Bladder.- 1. Acute Haemorrhagic Cystitis.- 2. Eosinophilic Cystitis.- 3. Proliferative and Follicular Cystitis.- 4. Pseudo-Membranous Cystitis.- 5. Malacoplakia.- 6. Bilharziasis.- 7. Granulomatous Cystitis.- 8. Cystitis Due to Cyclophosphamide.- 9. Interstitial Cystitis.- III. The Prostate.- IV. The Urethra.- I. The Female Urethra in Recurrent Infections.- I. Introduction.- II. Clinical Examination.- III. Measurement of Res…