THE CREATION OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY On 9th May, 1950, M. Robert Schuman, the then Foreign Minister of France, speaking at a Press Conference in Paris, outlined the idea of establishing a Community within Europe to control the production of coal and steel. "The French Govern­ ment", he stated, "propose to place the whole of the Franco­ German production of coal and steel under a common high authority! within an organisation open to the participatio~ of other countries of Europe ... This will form the first concrete step towards a European Federation, which is indispensable for peace" 2. This statement, apart from the specific mention of a high authority, does not mention any proposed organs of such a Community, and, as will appear, no firm idea of the Community's structure existed at all at that date. Six weeks after this announcement in Paris, a Conference composed of the six States that were to form the Coal and Steel 4 Community3 met under the presidency of M. Monnet . This Conference continued its work "consciencieux et discret, rue 5 Martignac" until March, 1951 . The first reference that one finds to a judicial organ to control the activity of the Community is contained in the document sub­ mitted by the Commissariat general au Plan 6. When compared with 1 The term is given in small letters as a description rather than as a title. 2 Bulletin Q.uotidien, 11th May, 1950.

The Creation of the Court of Justice.- I. The Ratification Debates.- Views Expressed upon the Function of the Court.- The Nature of the Court.- Criticisms brought against the Court.- a. The Danger of Multiplying Jurisdictions.- b. The Court has too little Power.- c. Criticism of the Office of Judge of the Court.- d. Opinions upon the Secrecy of the Deliberations of the Court.- e. Further Comments.- Opinions upon the Value of Appeals to the Court.- Opinions expressed upon Articles of the Treaty.- II. The Organisation of the Court.- The Judges.- The President of the Court.- The Chambers of the Court.- The Presidents of the Two Chambers.- The Juge Rapporteur.- Disqualifications.- Immunities.- The Ending of the Term of Office of a Judge.- The Advocates General.- The Registrar.- The Rapporteurs Adjoints.- The Attachés to the Court.- III. The Competence of the Court.- The Meaning of Article 31.- Arguments for the Requirement of a Special Interest as a Prerequisite for Appealing to the Court.- Problems created by the Right of the Council to appeal to the Court.- Suggested Limitations upon the Right of Appeal.- The Right of Individuals to Appeal to the Court Comments upon the Adequacy of the Right of Appeal.- Limitations upon the Competence of the Court.- The Judgements of the Court.- Categories of Competence granted to the Court.- An Analysis of the Competence of the Court.- Article 10 of the Treaty.- Article 12.- Article 33.- Article 34.- Article 35.- Article 36.- Article 37.- Article 38.- Article 39.- Article 40.- Article 41.- Article 42.- Article 43.- Article 47.- Article 63.- Article 65.- Article 66.- Article 88.- Article 89.- Article 92.- Article 95.- Article 1 of the Protocol on Privileges and Immunities.- Article 16.- IV. The Procedure of the Court.- Sessions and Deliberations of the Court.- The Vacations of the Court.- The Official Languages of the Court.- Representation.- The Submission of the Request.- The Written Procedure.- Third Party Intervention.- Preliminary Pleas of Defence.- The Instruction.- a. Before a Chamber.- b. Before a Juge Rapporteur.- c. Before the Court.- Commissions Rogatoires.- Witnesses and Experts before the Court.- The Oral Procedure.- The Judgement of the Court.- Corrections of the Judgement.- The Interpretation of the Judgement.- Judgements against a Defaulting Party.- Summary Procedure.- Actions concerning the Validity of the Délibérations of the High Authority.- The Amendment of the Powers of the High Authority.- The Withdrawal of a Case.- Costs.- Procedural Time Periods and Limitations.- Notifications.- V. Cases Before the Court.- L'Union des Armateurs Allemands and others v. The High Authority.- Bunkerfirmen-Vereinigung v. The High Authority.- The Government of the French Republic v. The High Authority.- The Government of His Majesty the King of Belgium v. The High Authority.- The Government of the French Republic v. The High Authority.- The Government of the Italian Republic v. The High Authority.- L'Association ASSIDER v. The High Authority.- L'Association ISA v. The High Authority.- Société Anonyme de Charbonnages Réunis de la Minerie v. The High Authority.- The Government of the Netherlands v. The High Authority.- VI. The Proposed Future Development of the Court.- a. Proposed Extensions of Jurisdiction under the European Defence Community Treaty.- The Subordinate Tribunals of the Defence Community.- b. Extensions of Jurisdiction under the European (Political) Community Treaty.- Appendix I. The Ratification of the Treaty Instituting the European Coal and Steel Community.- a. Voting in the National Parliaments of the Six Member States.- b. Documents concerned with the Preliminary Discussions upon the Schuman Plan.- Appendix II. The Decisions and Recommendations of the High Authority - Arts. 33 and 35 of the Treaty.- A. Duties imposed upon the High Authority to take a Decision or formulate a Recommendation.- B. Powers granted to the High Authority to take a Decision or formulate a Recommendation.- Appendix III. Pecuniary Sanctions and Daily Penalty Payments - Art. 36 of the Treaty.- Appendix IV. Délibérations of the Common Assembly - Art. 38 of the Treaty.- Appendix V. Délibérations of the Special Council of Ministers - Art. 38 of the Treaty.- a. Decisions having Executory Force.- b. Agreement to Action Proposed by the High Authority.- c. Consultation with the High Authority.- Appendix VI. Posobligations Imed Upon Member States - Art. 88 of the Treaty.- Appendix VII. The Budget of The Court, 1954-1955.