Capitalism is an economic system where almost all production and trade activities are organised by enterprises whose purpose is to maximise the return on the capital that has been invested in them. Economists, however, have almost universally defined capital in a way that makes it impossible for them to analyse important practical and societal aspects of the economic calculations of capital-based enterprises in capitalism.

In contrast, this book develops a theory of capital that is, at the same time, a theory of capitalism. Based on the definition of capital provided by the Historical and Institutional Schools, and later developed by Carl Menger and Ludwig von Mises, the theory of capital in this book takes account of the term "capital" as understood and used in actual business life. A theory of capital that is successful in explaining the rationale of economic calculations of profit-oriented enterprises in the market economy will necessarily also explain how the societal production process is organised in capitalism. Starting from the positive analysis of capital and capitalism, the book discusses the fair value and shareholder value revolutions of recent decades. These approaches, sometimes summarised under the label of "value-orientation," have introduced theoretical neoclassical equilibrium concepts into the practice of enterprises in capitalism. The book argues that this has led to paradoxical and unsustainable results. It does not make sense to reform the institutions of economic calculation on the basis of a theory that does not, in any significant way, deal with these institutions.

The book will be of great interest to readers in the areas of Austrian economics, institutional economics, history of economic thought, varieties of capitalism, and financial accounting.

Eduard Braun holds a PhD from the University of Angers (France) and is an associate professor of economics at Clausthal University of Technology (Germany). He has published numerous peer-reviewed articles on financial accounting and the economic theory of capital. His interdisciplinary research combines insights from the Austrian and Institutionalist Schools of economics to better understand the institutions that are fundamental to capitalist societies. A key aim of his work is to ground the theory of capital in the realities of business life, moving beyond abstract concepts and models.