Today, the internet and computer networking are essential
parts of business, learning, and personal communications and
entertainment. Virtually all messages or transactions sent
over the internet are carried using internet infrastructure- based
on advanced internet protocols. Advanced internet protocols ensure
that both public and private networks operate with maximum
performance, security, and flexibility.

This book is intended to provide a comprehensive technical
overview and survey of advanced internet protocols, first providing
a solid introduction and going on to discuss internetworking
technologies, architectures and protocols. The book also
shows application of the concepts in next generation networks
and discusses protection and restoration, as well as various
tunnelling protocols and applications. The book ends with
a thorough discussion of emerging topics.

EIJI OKI, PHD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Electro-Communications in Tokyo and was the recipient of the IEEE's 2001 Asia-Pacific Outstanding Young Researcher Award.

ROBERTO ROJAS-CESSA, PHD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology.

MALLIKARJUN TATIPAMULA, PHD, is Head of Packet Technologies Research at Ericsson Silicon Valley. He has over twenty years of experience in the telecommunications/networking industry, with more than 100 published papers and patents.

CHRISTIAN VOGT is a Senior Marketing Manager at Ericsson Silicon Valley.

Zusammenfassung
Today, the internet and computer networking are essential parts of business, learning, and personal communications and entertainment. Virtually all messages or transactions sent over the internet are carried using internet infrastructure- based on advanced internet protocols. Advanced internet protocols ensure that both public and private networks operate with maximum performance, security, and flexibility.

This book is intended to provide a comprehensive technical overview and survey of advanced internet protocols, first providing a solid introduction and going on to discuss internetworking technologies, architectures and protocols. The book also shows application of the concepts in next generation networks and discusses protection and restoration, as well as various tunnelling protocols and applications. The book ends with a thorough discussion of emerging topics.

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xv

About the Authors xvii

1 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Overview 1

1.1 Fundamental Architecture / 1

1.2 Internet Protocol Basics / 4

1.2.1 Packet Header / 5

1.2.2 Internet Protocol Address / 7

1.2.3 Internet Protocol Classification / 7

1.2.4 Subnet and its Masking / 9

1.2.5 Subnet Calculation / 11

1.3 Routing / 13

1.3.1 Routing across Providers / 14

1.3.2 Routing within Edge Networks / 15

1.3.3 Routing Scalability / 16

References / 18

2 Transport-Layer Protocols 19

2.1 Transmission Control Protocol / 19

2.1.1 Transmission Control Protocol Header Structure / 19

2.1.2 Three-Way Handshake / 20

2.1.3 Transmission Control Protocol Flow Control and Congestion Control / 21

2.1.4 Port Number / 24

2.2 User Datagram Protocol / 25

2.2.1 User Datagram Protocol Header Structure / 25

2.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol / 26

2.3.1 Stream Control Transmission Protocol Packet Structure / 26

2.3.2 Security: Prevention of SYN Attacks / 27

2.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol / 29

2.4.1 Real-Time Transport Protocol Header Structure / 29

References / 30

3 Internet Architecture 31

3.1 Internet Exchange Point / 31

3.2 History of Internet Exchange Points / 33

3.3 Internet Service Provider Interconnection Relationships / 34

3.4 Peering and Transit / 35

References / 37

4 IP Routing Protocols 39

4.1 Overview of Routing Protocols / 40

4.1.1 Interior Gateway Protocol / 41

4.1.2 Exterior Gateway Protocol / 42

4.2 Routing Information Protocol / 43

4.2.1 Routing Information Protocol Header Format / 43

4.2.2 Update of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol / 44

4.2.3 Maintenance of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol / 46

4.2.4 Split Horizon / 47

4.2.5 Limitations of Routing Information Protocol / 47

4.3 Open Shortest Path First / 48

4.3.1 Shortest-Path Algorithm / 48

4.3.2 Hierarchical Routing / 51

4.3.3 Open Shortest Path First Packet Format / 51

4.3.4 Comparison of Routing Information Protocol and Open Shortest Path First / 52

4.4 Border Gateway Protocol / 53

4.4.1 Border Gateway Protocol Message Flows / 53

4.4.2 Border Gateway Protocol Policy Selection Attributes / 54

References / 57

5 Multiprotocol Label Switching 59

5.1 Overview / 59

5.2 Functions and Mechanisms / 63

5.3 Applicabilities / 67

References / 72

6 IP Quality Of Service 75

6.1 Introduction / 75

6.2 Quality of Service in IP Version 4 / 75

6.3 Integrated Services / 77

6.3.1 Packet Scheduler / 77

6.3.2 Packet Classifier / 77

6.3.3 Admission Control / 78

6.3.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) / 79

6.4 Differentiated Services / 81

6.5 Quality Of Service with Nested Differentiated Services Levels / 82

6.5.1 Drawbacks of Explicit Endpoint Admission Control with Path Selection / 84

6.5.2 OSPF-Based Adaptive and Flexible Quality of Service Provisioning / 85

6.5.3 Combination of Security and Quality of Service / 86

6.5.4 Path Selection Algorithm Analysis / 87

References / 90

7 IP Multicast and Anycast 93

7.1 Addressing / 93

7.1.1 Multicast Addressing / 93

7.1.2 Differences between Multicasting and Multiple Unicasting / 95

7.2 Multicast Routing / 96

7.2.1 Optimal Routing: Shortest-Path Trees / 96

7.2.2 Unicast Routing / 96

7.2.3 Multicast Routing / 96

7.3 Routing Protocols / 97

7.3.1 Multicast Open Shortest P...