Meaning and Argument is a popular introduction to philosophy of logic and philosophy of language.
- Offers a distinctive philosophical, rather than mathematical, approach to logic
- Concentrates on symbolization and works out all the technical logic with truth tables instead of derivations
- Incorporates the insights of half a century's work in philosophy and linguistics on anaphora by Peter Geach, Gareth Evans, Hans Kamp, and Irene Heim among others
- Contains numerous exercises and a corresponding answer key
- An extensive appendix allows readers to explore subjects that go beyond what is usually covered in an introductory logic course
- Updated edition includes over a dozen new problem sets and revisions throughout
- Features an accompanying website at http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~logic/MeaningArgument.html
Autorentext
Ernest Lepore is Director of the Center for Cognitive Science at Rutgers University. He is the author of numerous articles in philosophy of mind and is co-author (with Herman Cappelen) of Insensitive Semantics (Blackwell, 2004), co-author (with Jerry Fodor) of Holism (Blackwell, 1991). He is editor of Truth and Interpretation (Blackwell, 1989). He is co-editor (with Zenon Pylyshyn) of What is Cognitive Science? (Blackwell, 1999), and co-editor (with Robert Van Gulick) of John Searle and His Critics (Blackwell, 1992), as well as general editor of the series Philosophers and Their Critics, also published by Wiley-Blackwell.
Sam Cumming is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Inhalt
Preface to Revised Second Edition xiii
Preface to Second Edition xiv
Preface to Revised Edition xv
Acknowledgments xvi
Introduction to Teacher 1
1 A Brief Introduction to Key Terms 5
1.1 Arguments 5
1.1.1 What is a Statement? 6
1.1.2 Premises and Conclusion 6
1.2 Putting Arguments into a Standard Format 7
1.3 Multiple Conclusions 9
1.4 Deductive Validity 10
1.5 Soundness 13
1.6 Missing Premises and Conclusions 13
2 Argument Forms and Propositional Logic 17
2.1 Formal Validity 17
2.2 Quotation Marks 19
2.3 Metalinguistic Variables 21
2.4 Non-formal Validity 23
2.5 The Need for Propositional Logic 24
2.5.1 Symbolic Notation 25
2.6 The Type/Token Distinction 26
3 Conjunction 31
3.1 Logical Conjunction 31
3.2 Distinguishing Deductive from Non-deductive Aspects of Conjunction 33
3.3 Phrasal Logical Conjunctions 34
3.4 Series Decompounding 34
3.5 Using 'Respectively' 35
3.6 Symbolizing Logical Conjunctions 35
4 Negation 42
4.1 Logical Negation 42
4.2 Some Other Negative Expressions 43
4.3 A Point about Methodology 45
4.4 A Point on Ambiguity 45
4.5 Symbolizing Logical Negations 45
4.6 Ambiguity and the Need for Groupers 46
4.7 Review of Symbols 47
4.8 Using 'Without' 48
4.9 Argument Forms Continued 48
4.10 Symbolizing Logical Negations Continued 51
5 Truth Tables 56
5.1 Well-formed Formulas 56
5.2 Scope 57
5.3 Main Connective 58
5.4 Truth Tables 59
5.4.1 Truth Table Analyses of Statements 61
5.4.2 Truth Table Analyses of Arguments 64
6 Disjunction 68
6.1 Logical Disjunction 68
6.2 Disjunction and Negation 69
6.3 Iterations and Groupers 71
6.4 Inclusive versus Exclusive 'Or' 73
6.5 Symbolizing Logical Disjunctions Continued 76
7 Conditionals 79
7.1 Conditionals with Constituent Statements 79
7.2 Conditionals without Constituent Statements 80
7.3 Logical Conditionals 80
7.4 Symbolizing Conditionals in PL 82
7.5 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 82
7.6 Only If 84
7.7 Unless 86
7.8 Since, Because 88
7.9 Conditionals and Groupers 89
7.10 If and Only If 90
7.11 A Revised Grammar for Well-formedness in PL 91
7.12 Summarizing Truth Tables 99
7.12.1 Validity 99
7.12.2 Contradiction, Tautology, Contingency 102
7.12.3 Consistency 104
7.12.4 Logical Equivalence 105
8 Truth Trees 109
8.1 Reviewing Validity 109
8.2 Tree Trunks and Compound and Atomic Statements 110
8.3 Truth Tree Rules 111
8.3.1 Non-branching Rules 111
8.3.2 Branching Rules 112
8.4 Strategies 114
8.5 Truth Trees and Invalidity 117
8.6 Propositional Logic and Counter-examples (Counter-models) 121
8.7 Logical Properties and Relations Revisited 123
8.7.1 Consistency 123
8.7.2 Contradiction, Tautology, Contingency 124
8.7.3 Logical Equivalence 126
9 Property Predicate Logic 129
9.1 Limits of Propositional Logic 129
9.2 Singular Terms 130
9.3 Property Predicates 132
9.4 Quantifiers 134
9.4.1 Simple Existential Quantifier Statements 135
9.4.2 Symbolizing Simple Existential Statements 135
9.4.3 Simple Universal Quantifier Statements 137
9.4.4 Negations of Existentials 138
9.5 Complex Predicates 139
9.6 Well-formedness in PPL 142
9.7 Quantifiers Modifying General Terms 145
9.7.1 Existential Quantifiers and General Terms 145
9.7.2 Universal Quantifiers and General Terms 147
10 Evaluating Arguments in Property Predicate Logic 155
10.1 Quantifiers and Scope 156
10.2 The Truth Tree Method Extended 157
10.2.1 Quantifier Exchange Rule (QE) 157
10.2.2 Universal Quantifier Rule (UQ) 158
10.2.3 Existential Quantifier Rule (EQ) 161
10.3 Super Strategy 164
10.4 Property Predicate Logic and Counter-examples (Counter-models) 166
10.5 PPL Logical Equivalences and Non-equivalences 168
10.6 Other Logical Properties and Relations 170
10.6.1 Consistency 170
10.6.2 Logical Equivalence 170
10.6.3 Contradiction, Logical Truth, Contingency 171
11 Property Predicate Logic Refinements 172
11.1 Literal Meaning 172
11.2 'Any' as an Existential 173
11.3 Restrictive Relative Clauses 175
11.4 Pronouns Revisited 176
11.4.1 Deixis and Anaphora 176
11.4.2 Quantification and Anaphora 177
11.5 Only 180
11.6 Restrictive Words in English 182
11.7 Evaluating Symbolizations of English in Logical Notation 185
12 Relational Predicate Logic 191
12.1 Limits of Property Predicate Logic 191
12.2 Convention 1: Number 193
12.3 Convention 2: Order 194
12.4 Convention 3: Active/Passive Voice 195
12.5 Convention 4: Single Quantifiers 197
12.6 Variables 199
12.6.1 Convention 5: Variables and Quantifiers 200
12.6.2 Convention 6: Variables and Property Predicates 200
12.6.3 General Comments about Variables 201
13 Relational Predicate Logic with Nested Quantifiers 207
13.1 Multiply General Statements 209
13.2 Universal Quantifier Procedure 212
13.3 Existential Quantifier Procedure 213
13.4 Double Binding Variables 213
13.4.1 Kicking Out 216
13.5 Systematic and Analytic Procedures 217
13.6 A Grammar for Well-formedness in RPL 218
13.7 Nested Quantifiers, Variables, and Scope 220
13.8 Order and Scope Refinements 221
13.8.1 The Order and Scope Procedure 224
13.9 Summary of the Overall Procedure for Symbolizing English Statements with Nested Quantifiers into RPL 226
14 Extending the Truth Tree Method to RPL 229
14.1 RPL Arguments without Quantifiers 229
14.2 RPL Arguments without Nested Quantifiers 230
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