This book addresses electrical engineers, physicists, designers of
flat panel displays (FDPs), students and also scientists from other
disciplines interested in understanding the various 3D
technologies. A timely guide is provided to the present status of
development in 3D display technologies, ready to be commercialized
as well as to future technologies.

Having presented the physiology of 3D perception, the book
progresses to a detailed discussion of the five 3D technologies:
stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays; integral imaging;
holography and volumetric displays, and:

* Introduces spatial and temporal multiplex for the two views
needed for stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays;

* Outlines dominant components such as retarders for stereoscopic
displays, and fixed as well as adjustable lenticular lenses and
parallax barriers for auto- stereoscopic displays;

* Examines the high speed required for 240 Hz frames provided by
parallel addressing and the recently proposed interleaved
image processing;

* Explains integral imaging, a true 3D system, based on the known
lenticulars which is explored up to the level of a 3D video
projector using real and virtual images;

* Renders holographic 3D easier to understand by using phasors
known from electrical engineering and optics leading up to digital
computer generated holograms;

* Shows volumetric displays to be limited by the number of
stacked FPDs; and,

* Presents algorithms stemming from computer science to assess 3D
image quality and to allow for bandwidth saving transmission of 3D
TV signals.

The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international
society, which has the aim of encouraging the development of all
aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the
aims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain
the latest developments in information display technology at a
professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all
facets of information displays from technical aspects through
systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics

Ernst Lueder, (retired), Department of Electrical Communications, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Ernst Lueder is Professor Emeritus at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. He was Director of the Institute of Network and Systems Theory at Stuttgart University until 1999, and also headed up a DM 80 million research laboratory for the fabrication of flat panel displays. He is an IEEE Fellow, as well as a Fellow of SID and in 2009, received SID's Slottow-Owaki award. Prof. Lueder has also been awarded the order of merit 1st Class of the Federal Republic of Germany. From 2000 until very recently in 2010, Prof. Lueder was President of the Electro Optical Consultancy. He has previously authored 2 editions of Liquid Crystal Displays: Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects published by Wiley.

Having presented the physiology of 3D perception, the book progresses to a detailed discussion of the five 3D technologies: stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays; integral imaging; holography and volumetric displays, and:

• Introduces spatial and temporal multiplex for the two views needed for stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays;
• Outlines dominant components such as retarders for stereoscopic displays, and fixed as well as adjustable lenticular lenses and parallax barriers for auto- stereoscopic displays;
• Examines the high speed required for 240 Hz frames provided by parallel addressing and the recently proposed interleaved image processing;
• Explains integral imaging, a true 3D system, based on the known lenticulars which is explored up to the level of a 3D video projector using real and virtual images;
• Renders holographic 3D easier to understand by using phasors known from electrical engineering and optics leading up to digital computer generated holograms;
• Shows volumetric displays to be limited by the number of stacked FPDs; and,
• Presents algorithms stemming from computer science to assess 3D image quality and to allow for bandwidth saving transmission of 3D TV signals.

Series Preface xiii

Introduction xv

1 The Physiology of 3D Perception 1

1.1 Binocular Viewing or Human Stereopsis 1

1.2 The Mismatch of Accommodation and Disparity and the Depths of Focus and of Field 3

1.3 Distance Scaling of Disparity 6

1.4 Interocular Crosstalk 7

1.5 Psychological Effects for Depth Perception 10

1.6 High-Level Cognitive Factor 10

Acknowledgments 11

References 11

2 Stereoscopic Displays 13

2.1 Stereoscopic Displays with Area Multiplexing 13

2.1.1 Retarders for the generation of polarizations 13

2.1.2 Wire grid polarizers for processing of the second view 20

2.1.3 Stereoscopic display with two LCDs 22

2.2 Combined Area and Time Division Multiplex for 3D Displays 26

2.3 Stereoscopic Time Sequential Displays 31

2.3.1 Time sequential viewing with an active retarder 31

2.3.2 Fast time sequential 3D displays by the use of OCB LCDs 33

2.3.3 Time sequential 3D displays with black insertions 33

2.4 Special Solutions for Stereoscopic Displays 41

2.5 Stereoscopic Projectors 48

2.6 Interleaved, Simultaneous, and Progressive Addressing of AMOLEDs and AMLCDs 60

2.7 Photo-Induced Alignment for Retarders and Beam Splitters 68

Acknowledgments 68

References 69

3 Autostereoscopic Displays 73

3.1 Spatially Multiplexed Multiview Autostereoscopic Displays with Lenticular Lenses 73

3.2 Spatially Multiplexed Multiview Autostereoscopic Displays with Switchable Lenticular Lenses 85

3.3 Autostereoscopic Displays with Fixed and Switchable Parallax Barriers 95

3.4 Time Sequential Autostereoscopic Displays and Directional Backlights 104

3.4.1 Time sequential displays with special mirrors or 3D films 105

3.4.2 Time sequential displays with directionally switched backlights 109

3.5 Depth-Fused 3D Displays 115

3.6 Single and Multiview 3D Displays with a Light Guide 125

3.7 Test of 3D Displays and Medical Applications 129

Acknowledgments 129

References 130

4 Assessment of Quality of 3D Displays 133

4.1 Introduction and Overview 133

4.2 Retrieving Quality Data from Given Images 135

4.3 Algorithms Based on Objective Measures Providing Disparity or Depth Maps 136

4.3.1 The algorithm based on the sum of absolute differences 136

4.3.2 Smoothness and edge detection in images 140

4.4 An Algorithm Based on Subjective Measures 146

4.5 The KanadeLucasToman (KLT) Feature Tracking Algorithm 153

4.6 Special Approaches for 2D to 3D Conversion 158

4.6.1 Conversion of 2D to 3D images based on motion parallax 159

4.6.2 Conversion from 2D to 3D based on depth cues in still pictures 161

4.6.3 Conversion from 2D to 3D based on gray shade and luminance setting 162

4.7 Reconstruction of 3D Images from Disparity Maps Pertaining to Monoscopic 2D or 3D Originals 165

4.7.1 Preprocessing of the depth map 165

4.7.2 Warping of the image creating the left and the right eye views 167

4.7…