I. Fractional Encephalography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Technical Equipment and Set-Up of Rooms.- Motorized Rotating Chairs.- The Neurocentrix.- Camera 70-mm.- 3. Staff.- 4. Preparation of the Patient.- 5. Encephalography Today. Schematic Outline of an Examination.- Subtentorial Structures.- Occipital Horns.- Frontal Horns.- 6. Lumbar Puncture.- 7. Image Amplifier with Television Control.- Shortening of the Examination.- Evaluation of the Amount of Contrast.- 8. Examination of the Occipital Horns in Sitting Position.- 9. Examination of the Temporal Horns.- Maneuvers for the Filling of a Single Temporal Horn.- Simultaneous Filling of the Two Temporal Horns.- 10. Tomography.- Literature.- Technique.- Autotomography.- Conventional Tomography.- Equipment.- Type of Cancellation.- Layer Thickness.- Choice of the Cutting Plane.- Uses of Tomography.- Conclusions.- 11. Subtraction.- 12. Long Focus-to-Film Distance Radiography and Magnification.- 13. Technique for Examination of the Cerebello-Pontine Angle.- 14. Encephalographic Technique for the Examination of the Sellar Region.- 15. Encephalographic Technique in Cases of Atrophy.- Cerebellar Atrophy.- Cerebral Atrophy.- 16. Encephalography with Urea.- and Literature.- Mechanism of Action of Urea and Mannitol.- Technique.- Complications.- Results.- 17. Encephalography with Pulmonary Hyperventilation.- 18. Late Radiographic Follow-up.- 19. Gaseous Contrast Media.- Gases Used in Total and Subtotal Encephalography.- Atmospheric Air.- Experimental Works.- Manner of Injection.- Reaction of the Patient.- Air Reabsorption.- Cytochemistry of CSF.- CSF Pressure.- Ozone.- Oxygen.- Experimental Work.- Clinical Work.- Carbon Dioxide.- Nitrogen.- Helium.- Xenon.- Acetylene.- Ethylene.- Nitrous Oxide.- Summary.- Gases Used in Fractional Encephalography.- Air and Oxygen.- Summary.- Helium.- Carbon Dioxide.- Nitrous Oxide.- Indication of the Method.- Conclusions.- 20. Anesthesia in Fractional Encephalography.- Preparation of the Patient before Encephalography without Anesthesia.- "Classical" General Anesthesia.- Premedication.- Induction of General Anesthesia.- Maintenance of General Anesthesia.- Post-Examination Care.- Anesthesia with ?-Hydroxybutyric Acid (g.h.b.a.).- Pharmacology.- ?-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Encephalography.- Neuroleptonalgesia (NLA).- Pharmacology.- Technique.- Gas Exchange.- The Contrast Gas is Air and the Anesthetic Gas is Nitrous Oxide.- The Contrast Gas is Nitrous Oxide and the Anesthetic Gas is Nitrous Oxide.- Inhalation of Oxygen after Encephalography Performed with Air or Oxygen.- General Anesthesia with Ketamine.- Conclusions.- 21. Complications.- Results.- II. Gas Ventriculography.- 1. Historical Background.- 2. Technique.- "Ventriculography without Air Injection " Gardner and Frazier [162] (1929).- Deery's Technique [108] (1931).- Lysholm's Maneuver [268-270] (1935) for the Visualization of the Aqueduct and the Fourth Ventricle.- Twining's Maneuver [461, 462] (1939) for Filling the Third Ventricle, the Aqueduct, and the Fourth Ventricle.- Verbiest's Technique [468, 469] (1947).- Ziedses des Plantes' Maneuvers [487, 488] (1953) for the Study of the Third Ventricle, Aqueduct, and Fourth Ventricle, and for the Study of the Temporal Horns.- Central Ventriculography of Azambuja, Arana-Iniguez, Sande, and Garcia-Guelfi [19] (1956).- Fractional Ventriculography by Laine, Riff, De Landtsheer, and Galibert [245, 246] (1957).- Rostotskaya's Technique [372] (1958).- Calabrò's Technique [70] (1967).- 3. Complications.- Analysis of the Literature.- Mortality.- Material and Methods.- Comment.- Conclusions.- III. Positive-Contrast Ventriculography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Iodinated Oils.- Analysis of the Literature.- Chemistry and Physics.- Lipiodol and its Derivatives.- Lipiodol.- Fluid Lipiodol.- Ultrafluid Lipiodol, or Etiodol.- Discolipiodol.- Ethyl Iodophenylundecylate.- Ethyl Monoiodostearate.- Pharmacology.- Oral Administration.- Intraperitoneal Administration.- Intraspinal Administration.- Local Complications.- Reabsorption.- Metabolism.- Complications.- Experimental Research.- Presence of Blood in the Subarachnoid Space.- Emulsions.- Toxicity.- Conclusions.- 3. Techniques of Positive-Contrast Ventriculography.- Balado's [25] and Amezua's [11] Technique.- Bull's Technique [66].- Ruggiero's Technique [375].- Ralston, Gross, and Newman's Technique [362].- Dilenge, David, and Talairach's Technique [130].- Portera's Panventriculography [354-356].- 4. Positive-Contrast Ventriculography with Water-Soluble Contrast Media.- IV. Positive Contrast Cisternography of the Posterior Fossa.- 1. Literature.- 2. Discussion.- V. Radioisotope Examination of the CSF Pathways.- 1. Literature.- 2. Choice of the Radiocompound.- 3. Diffusion of the Radiocompound.- 4. Technique.- Preparation of the Patient.- Doses of Radiocompound and Injection Route.- Scanning Apparatus.- Linear Scanner.- Gamma Camera.- Scanning Procedures.- Patient's Position.- Scanning Schedule.- Examination of CSF Fistulae.- Verification of the Efficiency of Surgical Shunts.- Projections.- Our Technique.- 5. Anatomy.- Lateral Projections.- Antero-Posterior and Postero-Anterior Projections.- 6. Complications.- 7. Indications and Results.- CSF Fistulae.- Atrophy, Hydrocephalus, and Malformations.- Expansive Processes.- Addendum.- References.- Index of Illustrations.