Envy arouses questions about fairness and unequal distribution of resources. Scavenging for hidden treasures and exploiting the acquisition of what is perceived to be free also imply underlying envy and greed. Envy, in isolation, can be destructive to psychological processes. Endowments of envy, however, are not as bleak and unsparing as they at first may appear. Envy, recognized and intelligently managed, transforms and may spur admiration, emulation, aspiration, empathy, and developmental advantages. Here, Ninivaggi offers a theory of envy and explores various ideas and concepts related to it. He proposes research paradigms for testability, advances principles and guidelines for pragmatic applications in psychotherapies and psychoeducation, and considers new paths for further discovery.

Frank John Ninivaggi, M.D., is an Associate Attending Physician at Yale-New Haven Hospital, an Assistant Clinical Professor of Child Psychiatry at Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Child Study Center, and a member of the Yale-New Haven Community Medical Group. He is the Medical Director of the Devereux Glenholme School in Washington, Connecticut. He is Board certified in Psychiatry and Neurology, and in 2004 was certified as a Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association. He received training at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. He currently holds university and hospital appointments at the Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine where he earlier received Fellowship specialty training in child and adolescent psychiatry. He is in private practice in New Haven, Connecticut.