This book presents both the fundamentals concepts and latest achievements of a field that is growing in importance since it represents a possible solution for global energy problems. It focuses on an atomic-level understanding of heterogeneous catalysis involved in important energy conversion processes. It presents a concise picture for the entire area of heterogeneous catalysis with vision at the atomic- and nano- scales, from synthesis, ex-situ and in-situ characterization, catalytic activity and selectivity, to mechanistic understanding based on experimental exploration and theoretical simulation. The book:

• Addresses heterogeneous catalysis, one of the crucial technologies employed within the chemical and energy industries
• Presents the recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of nanocatalysts as well as a mechanistic understanding of catalysis at atomic level for important processes of energy conversion
• Provides a foundation for the potential design of revolutionarily new technical catalysts and thus the further development of efficient technologies for the global energy economy
• Includes both theoretical studies and experimental exploration
• Is useful as both a textbook for graduate and undergraduate students and a reference book for scientists and engineers in chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering

A comprehensive textbook and reference tool that provides state-of-the-art research and understanding of heterogeneous catalysis for efficient energy conversion

One of the most crucial technologies at the forefront of materials chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical engineering topics is heterogeneous catalysis. The quality of our everyday lives owes much to the technology's involvement in the efficient conversion of renewable energy with least environmental impact. Heterogeneous catalysis typically occurs on reactive sites of catalysts consisting of specific surface structures at the atomic scale. Both in-situ and ex-situ experimental techniques and theoretical approaches have been applied to study this mechanism used in energy conversion processes.

Providing a foundation for the design and further development of new technical catalysts and technologies for energy economy, Heterogeneous Catalysis at Nanoscale for Energy Applications presents the fundamental concepts, latest achievements and promising solutions for global energy problems. The book features:

• Coverage of heterogeneous catalysis at the atomic- and nano- scales---from synthesis, ex-situ and in-situ characterization, catalytic activity and selectivity, to mechanistic understanding based on experimental exploration and theoretical simulation
• Theoretical studies and experimental exploration on a range of energy conversion processes, providing an overview of modern catalysis and current trends in nanocatalysis research
• Discussion on the challenges that remain to overcome limitations imposed by oxygen reduction reaction at catalyst surface during the electrochemical operation, including electrochemical technologies

Addressing heterogeneous catalysis, this comprehensive and authoritative text/reference is useful for graduate students, engineers and scientists in physical chemistry, materials chemistry, chemical engineering, nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials science, and environmental sciences.

Franklin (Feng) Tao, PhD, is a tenured Miller associate professor of chemical engineering and chemistry at the University of Kansas. He leads a research group focusing on synthesis, evaluation of catalytic performance, and in-situ characterization of heterogeneous catalysts at nanoscale for chemical and energy transformations. He has published almost 100 papers and three books with Wiley and RSC.

William F. Schneider, PhD, is a Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. His research interests are in the application of theory and simulation to probe and predict the molecular details of surface chemical reactivity and catalysis. He has co-authored more than 130 papers and book chapters.

Prashant V. Kamat, PhD, is Rev. John A. Zahm Professor of Science in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Radiation Laboratory at the University of Notre Dame. For nearly three decades, he has worked to build bridges between physical chemistry and material science by developing semiconductor and metal nanostructure based hybrid assemblies for cleaner and efficient light energy conversion. He has co-authored more than 450 papers, reviews and book chapters.

Contributors xiii

1 Introduction 1
Franklin (Feng) Tao, William F. Schneider, and Prashant V. Kamat

2 Chemical Synthesis of Nanoscale Heterogeneous Catalysts 9
Jianbo Wu and Hong Yang

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Brief Overview of Heterogeneous Catalysts 10

2.3 Chemical Synthetic Approaches 11

2.3.1 Colloidal Synthesis 11

2.3.2 Shape Control of Catalysts in Colloidal Synthesis 12

2.3.3 Control of Crystalline Phase of Intermetallic Nanostructures 14

2.3.4 Other Modes of Formation for Complex Nanostructures 17

2.4 CoreShell Nanoparticles and Controls of Surface Compositions and Surface Atomic Arrangements 21

2.4.1 New Development on the Preparation of Colloidal CoreShell Nanoparticles 21

2.4.2 Electrochemical Methods to CoreShell Nanostructures 22

2.4.3 Control of Surface Composition via Surface Segregation 24

2.5 Summary 25

3 Physical Fabrication of Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts 31
Chunrong Yin, Eric C. Tyo, and Stefan Vajda

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 Cluster Sources 34

3.2.1 T hermal Vaporization Source 34

3.2.2 Laser Ablation Source 36

3.2.3 Magnetron Cluster Source 37

3.2.4 Arc Cluster Ion Source 38

3.3 Mass Analyzers 39

3.3.1 Neutral Cluster Beams 40

3.3.2 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer 41

3.3.3 Lateral TOF Mass Filter 42

3.3.4 Magnetic Sector Mass Selector 43

3.3.5 Quadrupole Deflector (Bender) 44

3.4 Survey of Cluster Deposition Apparatuses in Catalysis Studies 44

3.4.1 Laser Ablation Source with a Quadrupole Mass Analyzer at Argonne National Lab 44

3.4.2 ACIS with a Quadrupole Deflector at the Universität Rostock 46

3.4.3 Magnetron…