Modern forest products research had its start hardly fifty years ago. Today we are in a position to apply the title "wood science" to the field of wood technology that is based on scientific investigation, theoretical as well as experimental. It is this research that fosters new uses for wood as a raw material and that creates the foundation for new industries for the manufacture of wood-base materials such as plywood, laminated products, particle and fiber board and sand­ wich construction. Wood technology in its broadest sense combines the disciplines of wood anatomy, biology, chemistry, physics and mechanical technology. It is through this interdisciplinary approach that progress has been made in wood seasoning, wood preservation methods, wood machining, surfacing and gluing, and in the many other processes applied in its utilization. In 1936 the senior author published a book entitled, "Technologie des Holzes", which was a first approach to a universal reference book on wood technology. The first edition of Volume I of the Textbook of Wood Technology, co-authored by H. P. BROWN, A. J. P AN SHIN , and C. C. FORSAITH, was published in 1948. An indication of the rapid development of this field can be gained from the fact that the second edition of "Technologie des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe", completely revised, was needed by 1951. It contains 2233 pages compared with the 764 pages of the 1936 edition.

1. The Structure of Wood and the Wood Cell Wall.- 1.0 Introduction.- 1.1 Gross Structure of Wood.- 1.1.1 Cellular Composition.- 1.1.2 Wood Rays.- 1.1.3 Planes of Wood.- 1.1.4 Sapwood and Heartwood.- 1.1.5 Growth Increments.- 1.1.6 Axial Parenchyma.- 1.1.7 Intercellular Canals.- 1.1.8 Other Gross Features.- 1.2 Microscopic Structure of Wood.- 1.2.1 Major Cell Types.- 1.2.2 Cell Sorting and Arrangement.- 1.2.3 Cell Inclusions.- 1.2.3.1 Tyloses.- 1.2.3.2 Crystals.- 1.2.3.3 Oil cells.- 1.2.3.4 Gums and Resins.- 1.3 Organization of the Cell Wall.- 1.3.1 The Microfibril.- 1.3.2 Generalized Structure and Terminology.- 1.3.3 Microfibrillar Orientation.- 1.3.4 Cell Wall Sculpturing.- 1.3.4.1 Pit Structure.- 1.3.4.2 Helical Thickenings.- 1.3.4.3 Wart Structure.- 1.3.4.4 Dentate Ray Tracheid Thickenings.- 1.4 Reaction Wood Anatomy and Ultrastructure.- 1.4.1 Compression Wood.- 1.4.2 Tension Wood.- Literature Cited.- 2. Chemical Composition of Wood.- 2.0 Introduction.- 2.1 Chemical Constituents of Wood and their Determination.- 2.2 Characteristics of the Principal Wood Constituents.- 2.2.1 Cellulose.- 2.2.1.1 Isolation from Wood.- 2.2.1.2 Structure.- 2.2.1.3 Properties.- 2.2.2 Hemicellulose.- 2.2.2.1 Hemicelluloses of Hardwoods.- 2.2.2.2 Hemicelluloses of Softwoods.- 2.2.3 Other Wood Polysaccharides.- 2.2.4 Lignin.- 2.2.4.1 Isolation from Wood.- 2.2.4.2 Structure.- 2.2.4.3 Properties.- 2.3 Wood Extractives.- 2.4 Distribution of Chemical Constituents in Wood.- Literature Cited.- 3. Defects and Abnormalities of Wood.- 3.0 Introduction.- 3.1 Natural Defects.- 3.1.1 Knots.- 3.1.2 Eeaction Wood.- 3.1.2.1 Compression Wood.- 3.1.2.2 Tension Wood.- 3.1.3 Cross Grain.- 3.1.4 Variations in Log Form.- 3.1.5 Shake.- 3.1.6 Miscellaneous Natural Defects.- 3.2 Defects due to Processing.- 3.2.1 Manufacturing Defects.- 3.2.2 Seasoning Defects.- 3.2.2.1 Checks.- 3.2.2.2 Warp.- 3.2.2.3 Casehardening.- 3.2.2.4 Collapse.- 3.2.2.5 Honeycomb.- 3.2.2.6 Washboarding.- 3.2.2.7 Miscellaneous Seasoning Defects.- 3.2.3 Raised Grain.- 3.2.4 Loosened Grain.- Literature Cited.- 4. Biological Deterioration of Wood.- 4.0 Introduction.- 4.1 Fungi causing Wood Deterioration.- 4.1.1 Characteristics of Wood-destroying Fungi.- 4.1.1.1 Comparison of Brown Rot and White Rot.- 4.1.1.2 Soft Rot.- 4.1.2 Characteristics of Wood-staining Fungi.- 4.1.3 Physiological Requirements of Wood-destroying and Wood-inhabiting Fungi.- 4.1.3.1 Temperature.- 4.1.3.2 Oxygen.- 4.1.3.3 Moisture.- 4.1.3.4 Nutrients.- 4.1.3.5 Hydrogen Ion Concentration.- 4.1.3.6 Natural Durability.- 4.1.3.7 Relationship of Wood Preservation to Physiological Requirements.- 4.1.4 Mechanism of Wood Decay.- 4.1.5 Influence of Decay on Mechanical Properties.- 4.2 Wood-boring Insects.- 4.2.1 Termites.- 4.2.1.1 Characteristics.- 4.2.1.2 Control.- 4.2.2 Powder-post Beetles.- 4.2.2.1 Lyctidae.- 4.2.2.2 Wood-feeding Anobiidae.- 4.2.2.3 Cerambycidae. Long-horned Beetles or Round-headed Borers.- 4.2.2.4 Bostriehidae. Auger or Shot-hole Borers.- 4.2.2.5 Control Measures.- 4.2.3 Carpenter Ants.- 4.2.4 Carpenter Bees. Order Hymenoptera.- 4.2.5 Horntails. (Siricidae).- 4.3 Marine Borers.- 4.3.1 Molluscan Borers.- 4.3.2 Crustacean Borers.- 4.3.3 Protection against Marine Wood Borers.- Literature Cited.- 5. Wood Preservation.- 5.0 Introduction.- 5.1 General Considerations.- 5.1.1 Effect of Structure on Treatment.- 5.1.2 Timber Preparation.- 5.2 Wood Preservation Processes.- 5.2.1 Non-pressure Processes.- 5.2.1.1 Brushing or Spraying.- 5.2.1.2 Dipping.- 5.2.1.3 Steeping and Cold Soaking.- 5.2.1.4 Hot-and-Cold Bath.- 5.2.1.5 Diffusion Method.- 5.2.2 Pressure Processes.- 5.2.2.1 Pull-cell Processes.- 5.2.2.2 Empty-cell Processes.- 5.2.3 Miscellaneous Processes.- 5.3 Wood Preservatives.- 5.3.1 Characteristics of Preservatives.- 5.3.2 Preservative Materials Toxic to Insects, Fungi and Marine Borers.- 5.4 Fire Retardant Treatment.- 5.4.1 General Remarks about the Combustibility of Wood.- 5.4.2 Developed Heat and Strength.- 5.4.3 Course of Temperature and Chemical Phenomena in Combustion of Wood.- 5.4.4 Effects and Properties of Fire Retardants.- 5.4.4.1 Water Soluble Salts.- 5.4.4.2 Alkali Silicates.- 5.4.4.3 Foam Forming Organic Compounds.- 5.4.4.4 Other Fire Retardants.- 5.4.5 Testing of Fire Retardants.- 5.5 Dimensional Stabilization.- 5.5.1 Theory.- 5.5.2 Methods.- Literature Cited.- 6. Physics of Wood.- 6.1 Density and Specific Gravity.- 6.1.1 Density, Porosity, Specific Gravity of Wood Substance and of Wood Constituents.- 6.1.2 Effect of Moisture Content in Wood on its Density.- 6.1.3 Density of Green Wood.- 6.1.4 Variations in Density.- 6.1.5 Density of Springwood and Summerwood, Correlation with Width of Annual Rings.- 6.1.6 Content of Solid Matter in Piles of Wood and Wood Residues.- 6.2 Wood-Liquid Relations.- 6.2.1 Moisture Content, Definition.- 6.2.2 Determination of Moisture Content.- 6.2.2.1 Oven-drying Method.- 6.2.2.2 Distillation Method.- 6.2.2.3 Titration According to K. Fischer (1935); Eberius (1952, 1958).- 6.2.2.4 Hygrometric Methods.- 6.2.2.5 Electrical Moisture Meters.- 6.2.3 Sorption and Equilibrium Moisture Content.- 6.2.4 Recommended Moisture Content for Wood in Service.- 6.2.5 Fiber Saturation Point, Maximum Moisture Content of Wood.- 6.2.6 Thermodynamics of Sorption.- 6.2.7 Shrinkage and Swelling.- 6.2.7.1 Maximum Volumetric Shrinkage and Swelling, Influence of Drying Temperature.- 6.2.7.2 Anisotropy of Shrinkage and Swelling.- 6.2.7.3 Super-position of the Components of Swelling, Restrained Swelling.- 6.2.7.4 Swelling in Aqueous Solutions and Organic Liquids.- 6.2.7.5 Dimensional Stabilization of Wood.- 6.3 Capillary Movement and Diffusion in Wood.- 6.3.0 General Considerations on the Movement of Water in Wood Above and Below Fiber Saturation Point.- 6.3.1 Capillary Movement of Water in Wood.- 6.3.2 Diffusion of Water in Wood.- 6.3.3 Drying of Wood as a Diffusion Problem.- 6.3.3.1 Analogy to Fourier's Analysis for Heat Conduction.- 6.3.3.2 Approximated Calculation of the Drying Time.- 6.3.3.3 Stamm's Theoretical Drying Diffusion Coefficients.- 6.4 Physical Aspects of Wood Impregnation.- 6.4.1 Nonpressure Processes.- 6.4.2 Pressure Processes.- 6.4.2.0 General Considerations.- 6.4.2.1 Theory of Pressure Treatment of Wood.- 6.5 Thermal Properties of Wood.- 6.5.1 Thermal Expansion.- 6.5.2 Specific Heat of Wood.- 6.5.3 Thermal Conductivity of Wood.- 6.5.3.0 General Considerations.- 6.5.3.1 Influences of Structure and Density, Moisture Content and Temperature on the Thermal Conductivity of Wood.- 6.5.…