Problems in Metallurgical Thermodynamics and Kinetics provides an illustration of the calculations encountered in the study of metallurgical thermodynamics and kinetics, focusing on theoretical concepts and practical applications.
The chapters of this book provide comprehensive account of the theories, including basic and applied numerical examples with solutions. Unsolved numerical examples drawn from a wide range of metallurgical processes are also provided at the end of each chapter.
The topics discussed include the three laws of thermodynamics; Clausius-Clapeyron equation; fugacity, activity, and equilibrium constant; thermodynamics of electrochemical cells; and kinetics.
This book is beneficial to undergraduate and postgraduate students in universities, polytechnics, and technical colleges.
Inhalt
Preface
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
1. The First Law of Thermodynamics
1.1 Heat Content or Enthalpy
1.2 Heat Capacity
1.3 Thermochemistry and Its Application in Metallurgy
1.4 Hess's Law
1.5 Variation of Enthalpy Change with Temperature
1.6 Maximum Reaction Temperature: Flame Temperature
Exercises
2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy and Free Energy
2.1 Entropy
2.2 Entropy Change for a Reversible Process
2.3 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process
2.4 Entropy Change for a Chemical Reaction
2.5 Variation of Entropy Change with Temperature
2.6 Criterion of Spontaneity Based on Entropy
2.7 Free Energy
2.8 Criterion of Spontaneity Based on Free Energy
2.9 Calculation of Free Energy Change
2.10 Calculation of GO at High Temperatures
2.11 Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Functions
2.12 Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation
Exercises
3. The Third Law of Thermodynamics
3.1 Statement of the Law
3.2 Application
Exercises
4. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Application of Clausius-Clapeyron Equation to Phase Changes
4.2.1 Liquid-Vapor (Vaporization) Equilibria
4.2.2 Solid-Vapor (Sublimation) Equilibria
4.2.3 Solid-Liquid (Fusion) Equilibria
4.2.4 Solid-Solid Equilibria
4.3 Trouton's Rule
Exercises
5. Fugacity, Activity and Equilibrium Constant
5.2 Fugacity
5.2 Activity
5.3 Equilibrium Constant
5.4 Van't Hoff Equation
5.4.1 Integration of Van't Hoff Equation
Exercises
6. Solutions: I
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Partial Molar Quantities
6.3 Gibbs-Duhem Equation
6.4 Determination of Partial Molar Quantities from Molar Quantities
6.5 Raoult's Law : Ideal Solutions
6.6 Non-Ideal Solutions : Concept of Activity Coefficient
6.7 Henry rs Law : Dilute Solutions
6.8 Alternative Standard States
6.8.1 Infinitely Dilute, Atom Fraction Standard State
6.8.2 Infinitely Dilute, Weight Percent Standard State
Exercises
7. Solutions: II
7.1 Sievert's Law
7.2 Mixing Functions
7.3 Excess Functions
7.4 Regular Solutions
7.5 Application of the Gibbs-Duhem Equation
7.5.1 Determination of Partial Molar Quantities
7.5.2 Determination of Activity
7.6 Multicomponent Solutions
Exercises
8. The Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Convention
8.2 Determination of Thermodynamic Quantities
8.3 Electrochemical Cells based on Solid Electrolytes
Exercises
9. Kinetics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Effect of Concentration on the Reaction Rate
9.2.1 First-Order Reaction
9.2.2 Second-Order Reaction
9.3 Effect of Temperature on the Reaction Rate
9. 4 Determination of the Order of Reaction
9.4.1 Integration Method
9.4.2 Half-Life Method
9.4.3 Van't Hoff s Differential Method
9.5 Theories of Reaction Kinetics
9.5.1 Collision Theory
9.5.2 Absolute Reaction Rate Theory
9.6 Rate of Heterogeneous Reactions
Exercises
Appendix 1. SI Units
Appendix 2. Constants and Conversion Factors
Appendix 3. Mathematical Operations
Bibliography
Answers to the Exercises
Index
Other Titles in the Series