Why and how do some countries title Indigenous lands in some places, and at certain times, but not others? What accounts for the selective implementation of Indigenous people's collective land and natural resource rights? Conventional accounts hold that transnational activism and bottom-up social movements push Indigenous land titling. Other commonly held views are that economic interests and state weakness block these efforts. Giorleny Altamiro Rayo shows Indigenous land titling is neither random nor methodical. Rather, she argues that state elites are motivated to title Indigenous lands to ensure internal order and reinforce the state's territorial power in remote regions. Rayo unveils how state elites reshape Indigenous peoples' ancestral land claims and transform pre-existing property institutions into a governing mechanism akin to indirect rule. By titling Indigenous lands, state elites create new institutional arrangements in property that allows for the subordination, monitoring, and management of Indigenous society. The broad implication is that state elites subject people that self-identify as Indigenous to a new hierarchical system that perpetuates their political dependency and socioeconomic marginalization. Altamirano Rayo leverages original data from three Latin American countries (Brazil, Honduras, and Nicaragua) and two additional countries of the Global South (Indonesia and Kenya) to propose the theory and test its reach, using a combination of quantitative analysis and comparative case studies of six subnational regions since the 1980s. Rayo develops a new framework to understand the speed and territorial patterns of Indigenous land titling, and invites readers to rethink much of the conventional wisdom about the causes and effects of Indigenous land and natural resource rights allocation.

Giorleny Altamirano Rayo is an Instructor in the Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University. She is a lawyer, political scientist, and applied researcher interested in property rights, natural resource management, and political-economic development issues in Latin America in a comparative perspective. Her work has been funded by Fulbright, the National Science Foundation, Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Texas at Austin, and Vanderbilt University. She is the author of numerous articles about the Global South and also the translator of original work about historical and contemporary Latin American politics. In addition to her scholarly work, she serves as a Chief Data Scientist and Responsible AI Official at the United States Department of State, served as a diplomat in the Nicaraguan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and as an applied researcher at Vanderbilt University. She has been working and conducting research in and about the Global South for over fifteen years. The views expressed in this and other works are her own and not necessarily those of the U.S. Government and the U.S. Department of State.