A. Structural Botany.- I. General and Molecular Cytology: The Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Organization of Actin Filaments.- 3. Assembly of Actin Filaments.- 4. Visualization of Actin Filaments.- 5. Actin Filaments and Intracellular Movements.- a) Involvement of Actin Filaments in Organelle Movement.- b) Involvement of Actin Filaments in Cytoplasmic Streaming.- c) Involvement of Actin Filaments in Vesicle-Mediated Secretion.- 6. Actin Filaments and Cell Motility.- 7. Anti F-Actin Agents.- References.- II. Cytology and Morphogenesis of Fungal Cells.- 1. Books and Reviews.- 2. Techniques.- 3. Cytoplasmic Structures.- a) Cytoskeleton.- b) Plasma Membrane and Endomembrane System.- c) Microbodies, Woronin Bodies.- d) Storage Products, Miscellaneous Structures.- e) Additional Studies.- 4. Nucleus, Mitosis, Meiosis.- 5. Wall Structure and Formation.- a) Hyphal Tip Growth.- b) Wall Regeneration.- c) Septum.- d) Dimorphism.- References.- III. Vergleichende Morphologie des Vegetationskörpers.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Meristeme.- a) Sproßscheitelmeristeme.- b) Blattrandmeristeme.- c) Wurzelscheitelmeristeme.- d) Anlegung des Leitgewebesystems.- e) Embryoentwicklung.- 3. Blattstellungen und Blattmorphologie.- 4. Verzweigung und Wuchsformen.- a) Allgemeines und dikotyle Pflanzen.- b) Monocotyledonen.- 5. Wurzeln.- Literatur.- IV. Reproductive Structures of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reproductive Development (General Aspects).- 3. Inflorescences.- 4. Floral Vascular Anatomy.- 5. Perianth.- 6. Androecium.- 7. Floral Nectaries.- 8. Gynoecium.- 9. Pistil-Pollen Interactions.- 10. Fruits and Seeds.- 11. Origin and Evolution of the Flowering Plants.- 12. Systematic Survey on Morphological Literature.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Mineral Nutrition: Anions.- 1. Gradient-Coupled Transport: General Observations.- a) Nitrate Uptake.- b) Phosphate Uptake.- c) Sulphate Uptake.- d) Bicarbonate Uptake.- e) Chloride Uptake.- f) ?-Indolyl-Acetate Transport.- 2. Transport Proteins.- a) Distinct Gene Products?.- b) Primary Active Transport Mechanisms and the Effects of Anions.- ?) Plasmalemma.- ?) Tonoplast.- ?) Other Membranes.- c) Secondary Active Transport Mechanisms of Anions.- ?) Plasmalemma.- ?) Tonoplast.- d) Extrinsic Anion-Binding Proteins at the Plasmalemma.- 3. Passive Lipid Diffusion.- 4. Feedback Inhibition of Anion Uptake.- 5. Metabolism and Anion Transport in Whole Plants.- a) Sulphate and Phosphate.- b) Nitrate.- 6. Root-Soil Interactions.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References.- II. Photosynthesis: Antennae and Reaction Centers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Purple Bacteria.- 3. Green Bacteria.- a) Chlorosomes.- b) Green Sulfur Bacteria.- c) Green Filamentous Bacteria.- 4. Photosystem II.- 5. Photosystem I.- References.- III. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Nitrogen Fixation.- a) Nitrogen Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms.- b) Nitrogen Fixation by Symbiotic Microorganisms.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- IV. Secondary Plant Substances. Aspects of Steroid Biosynthesis.- 1. Sterols.- 2. Sterol Conjugations.- 3. Sterol Synthesis During Seed Germination.- 4. Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.- 5. Steroidal Saponins.- 6. Steroidal Alkaloids.- 7. Withanolides.- References.- V. Growth.- 1. General Reviews.- 2. Gibberellins.- a) Chemistry.- b) Occurrence.- ?) Isolation, Separation, and Determination.- ?) Free Gibberellins.- ?) Gibberellin Conjugates.- c) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- ?) Biosynthetic Pathways.- ?) Enzymic Studies.- ?) Glucosyl Conjugates: Metabolic Formation and Hydrolysis.- d) Physiological Roles.- e) Modes of Action, Mechanisms.- 3. Cytokinins.- a) Synthesis and Analytical Methods.- b) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- c) Occurrence and Physiological Roles.- d) Modes of Action.- 4. Brassinosteroids.- a) Chemistry, Analytical Methods, Occurrence, Metabolism.- b) Physiological Effects, Mode of Action, Agricultural Application.- References.- VI. Movement of Pulvinated Leaves.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Proton/Potassium Exchange Model.- 3. The Role of Calcium.- 4. Effects of Various Substances.- 5. Cell Walls.- 6. Rhythmic Properties.- 7. Structural Aspects.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Aspects.- 3. Differential DNA Replication in Vivo.- 4. Chromosome Variation in Vitro.- 5. Endoreduplication and Endopolyploidy.- 6. Polyteny in Angiosperms.- References.- II. Recombination: Asexual Recombination in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids.- a) Solanaceae.- b) Brassicaceae.- c) Other Species.- 3. Somaclonal Variation.- a) General.- b) Triticeae.- c) Solanaceae.- d) Other Species.- 4. Transposable Elements.- a) General.- b) Maize (Zea sp.).- c) Other Species.- d) Importance in Evolution and Breeding.- 5. Genetic Engineering.- a) Transformation with Agrobacteria.- ?) Agrobacterium tumefaciens.- ?) Application of A. tumefaciens System.- ?) Agrobacterium rhizogenes.- b) Other Transformation Systems.- ?) Plant Viruses.- ?) Direct Gene Transfer.- ?) Electroporation.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Methodological Aspects.- 2. Environmental Mutagenesis.- 3. Antimutagenic Plant Substances.- 4. Gene Mutations.- a) Mutant Genes Affecting the Meiosis of Higher Plants.- b) Mutants of Agronomic Interest.- c) Somaclonal Variation.- 5. Genome Mutations.- a) Haploids.- b) Autopolyploids.- c) Allopolyploids.- ?) Natural Allopolyploids.- ?) Experimentally Produced Allopolyploids.- ?) Somatic Hybridization.- d) Aneuploids.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material. Ribulose-Bisphosphate-Carboxylase as a Tool for the Study of Gene Function in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Maps and Sequencing of RBC Genes.- a) Prokaryotes.- b) SSU Genes in Eukaryotic Plants.- c) LSU Genes in Eukaryotic Plants.- 3. Evolutionary Studies.- 4. Translation and Processing of Transcripts.- a) Small Subunit.- b) Large Subunit.- 5. Assembly and Structure of the Enzyme.- 6. Regulation of Gene Activity.- a) Light Induction of RBC.- b) Influence of Hormones and Growth Conditions.- c) Organ Specificity of Gene Expression.- d) Influence of the Genotype of RBC Activity.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Complete Sequencing of the Plastid DNAs of Marchantia and Nicotiana.- 3. Introns in Plastid Genes.- 4. DNA Rearrangements and Drastic Size Reduction of Plastid DNA as a Consequence of Anther Culture in Cereals.- 5. Sequence Homologies Between Plastid DNA and the DNAs of the Nucleus and Mitochondria.- a) Sequence Homologies Between Plastid and Mitochondrial DNA.- b) Sequence Homologies Between Plastid and Nuclear DNA.- c) Hypotheses for the Mechanisms of Intercompartmental Gene Transfer.- 6. Outlook.- References.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. DNA Variation and Population Genetics.- a) Transposable Elements.- b) Multigene Families.- c) Extranuclear Variation.- d) Adaptive Value of DNA Variation.- e) DNA and Protein Variability in Populations of Microorganisms.- 3. The Impact of Release of Genetically Manipulated Organisms.- a) The Problem.- b) Some Goals of Genetic Engineering.- c) Discussion of Some Arguments.- ?) The Niche.- ?) Introgression.- ?) Herbicide Resistance.- 4. Quantitative Genetics.- a) Maintenance of Quantitative Genetic Variation.- ?) Mutation-Selection Balance.- ?) Other Evolutionary Factors.- ?) Genetic Variation in Heterogeneous Environments.- ?) Experimental Evaluation.- b) Quantitative Variation and the Analysis of Individual Loci.- c) Phenotypic Plasticity.- d) Genetic Correlations.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics of the Bryophytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Handbooks, General.- 3. Taxonomy.- a) General.- b) Monographs, Revisions.- c) Biosystematic and Experimental Study.- d) Chemosystematics.- e) Cytosystematics.- f) Sp…