OSHA (29 CFR 1910.119) has recognized AIChE/DIERS two-phase flow publications as examples of "good engineering practice" for process safety management of highly hazardous materials. The prediction of when two-phase flow venting will occur, and the applicability of various sizing methods for two-phase vapor-liquid flashing flow, is of particular interest when designing emergency relief systems to handle runaway reactions. This comprehensive sourcebook brings together a wealth of information on methods that can be used to safely size emergency relief systems for two-phase vapor-liquid flow for flashing or frozen, viscous or nonviscous fluids. Design methodologies are illustrated by selected sample problems. Written by industrial experts in the safety field, this book will be invaluable to those charged with operating, designing, or managing today's and tomorrow's chemical process industry facilities.
Autorentext
H. G. Fisher is the author of Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual, published by Wiley.
H. S. Forrest is the author of Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual, published by Wiley.
Stanley S. Grossel is the author of Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual, published by Wiley.
J. E. Huff is the author of Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual, published by Wiley.
A. R. Muller is the author of Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual, published by Wiley.
J. A. Noronha is the author of Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual, published by Wiley.
D. A. Shaw is the author of Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual, published by Wiley.
B. J. Tilley is the author of Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual, published by Wiley.
Inhalt
Preface.
Introduction.
1. Overview.
2. Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS).
3. A Strategy for Major Accidental Release Prevention.
4. A Strategy for Emergency Relief System Design.
5. An Approach to Emergency Relief System Design Assessment.
6. Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Flow.
7. Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Flow Onset and Disengagement.
8. Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Hydrodynamics.
9. DIERS Bench-Scale Apparatus.
10. Runaway Reaction Emergency Relief System Design Computer Program.
11. References.
Appendix A. DIERS Committees.
Appendix B. DIERS Sponsors.
Appendix C. DIERS Contractors.
Chapter I. Vapor Disengagement Dynamics.
1. Overview.
1.1 Vapor Disengagement Dynamics.
1.2 Design Considerations.
2. Detailed Discussion.
2.1 Open Literature References.
2.2 Project Manual.
3. References.
Appendix I-A The Coupling Equation and Flow Models.
Appendix I-B Best Estimate Procedure to Calculate Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Flow Onset/Disengagement.
Appendix I-C Fluid Behavior in Venting Vessels.
Appendix I-D Energy and Material Balance Derivations for Emergency Pressure Relief of Vessels.
Annex I-D1 Internal Energy and Venting Calculations.
Chapter II. Pressure Relief System Flow.
1. Introduction.
1.1 Scope.
1.2 Organization.
1.3 Special Terminology.
2. Recommended Design Methods.
2.1 Newtonian Flow.
2.2 Complex Fluids.
2.3 Useful Approximations.
3. Technology Base.
3.1 General Flow Equations.
3.2 Nozzle Flow Models.
3.3 Sharp Reductions.
3.4 Pressure Recovery/Expansions/Equilibrations.
3.5 Pipe Flow.
3.6 Application to Pressure Relief System Elements.
3.7 Networks.
3.8 Complex Fluids.
4. Nomenclature.
5. Acknowledgments.
6. References.
Appendix II-A Thermophysical Property Requirements.
Appendix II-B Equilibrium Flash Calculations.
Appendix II-C Model Parameters for Pipe Entrance Sections.
Appendix II-D Computer Routines in SAFIRE Program.
Appendix II-E Example Problems.
Appendix II-F Generalized Correlations and Design Charts.
Chapter III. DIERS Phase III Large-Scale Integral Tests.
1. Summary.
2. Introduction.
2.1 Program Objectives.
2.2 Program Description.
3. Test Configurations.
4. Test Results.
4.1 Tests T1 to T8
4.2 Tests V32-W1 to V32-W8.
4.3 Tests T9, T10, T11, T14, and T15.
4.4 Tests T12 and T13.
4.5 Tests T20.
4.6 Tests T17 and T18.
4.7 Tests T21, T22, T23, and T24.
4.8 ICRE Tests 32-6 to 32-11.
4.9 ICRE Tests 2000-1 to 2000-5.
4.10 ICRE Tests 32-14, 32-15, and 32-18.
5. Acknowledgments.
6. References.
Appendix III-A Test Configurations.
Appendix III-B Experimental Results and Model Comparisons.
Appendix III-C Kinetics Model for Styrene Polymerizations.
Chapter IV. High Viscosity Flashing Two-Phase Flow.
1. Introduction.
1.1 General Discussion of High Viscosity Flow in Relief Systems.
1.2 Why High Viscosity Systems Require Special Consideration.
1.3 Necessity for Conservatism.
2. Summary of DIERS High Viscosity Relief Flow Tests.
2.1 Project Overview.
2.2 Styrene Reactive Tests.
2.3 Small-Scale Rubber Cement Bottom-Ve...