An updated guide to the production, science, and uses of vanilla

Vanilla is a flavor and fragrance in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and a wealth of other products. Now in its second edition, the Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology provides a comprehensive and updated review of the science and technology used in these items' production and supply.

Featuring contributions from an international range of experts, this revised edition covers a multitude of topics, including agricultural production, global markets, analytical methods, sensory analysis, food and fragrance applications, organic farming and fair trade, botanical diseases, and novel uses.

The Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology, Second Edition is a vital resource for producers, distributors, and scientists involved in vanilla's growth and utilization, and offers readers:

* A guide to the cultivation, extraction, analysis, DNA sequencing, and marketing of vanilla

* Information on the production of vanilla in a range of countries such as Mexico, Australia, Costa Rica, and India

* Guidelines on the quality control of vanilla beans and extracts

* Information on fair trade and the future of vanilla

Dr. Daphna Havkin-Frenkel, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.

Dr. Faith C. Belanger, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.

Klappentext

An updated guide to the production, science, and uses of vanilla

Vanilla is a flavor and fragrance in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and a wealth of other products. Now in its second edition, the Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology provides a comprehensive and updated review of the science and technology used in these items' production and supply.

Featuring contributions from an international range of experts, this revised edition covers a multitude of topics, including agricultural production, global markets, analytical methods, sensory analysis, food and fragrance applications, organic farming and fair trade, botanical diseases, and novel uses.

The Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology, Second Edition is a vital resource for producers, distributors, and scientists involved in vanilla's growth and utilization, and offers readers:

• A guide to the cultivation, extraction, analysis, DNA sequencing, and marketing of vanilla
• Information on the production of vanilla in a range of countries such as Mexico, Australia, Costa Rica, and India
• Guidelines on the quality control of vanilla beans and extracts
• Information on fair trade and the future of vanilla

An updated guide to the production, science, and uses of vanilla

Vanilla is a flavor and fragrance in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and a wealth of other products. Now in its second edition, the Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology provides a comprehensive and updated review of the science and technology used in these items' production and supply.

Featuring contributions from an international range of experts, this revised edition covers a multitude of topics, including agricultural production, global markets, analytical methods, sensory analysis, food and fragrance applications, organic farming and fair trade, botanical diseases, and novel uses.

The Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology, Second Edition is a vital resource for producers, distributors, and scientists involved in vanilla's growth and utilization, and offers readers:

• A guide to the cultivation, extraction, analysis, DNA sequencing, and marketing of vanilla
• Information on the production of vanilla in a range of countries such as Mexico, Australia, Costa Rica, and India
• Guidelines on the quality control of vanilla beans and extracts
• Information on fair trade and the future of vanilla

List of Contributors xix

Preface xxiii

Part I Production of Vanilla Agricultural Systems and Curing 1

1 Mexican Vanilla Production 3
Juan HernandezHernández

1.1 Introduction 3

1.1.1 The Mexican Vanilla Legend 4

1.2 Cultivation Methods 5

1.2.1 Traditional/Acahual 5

1.2.2 Intensive System (Monoculture) 6

1.2.3 Vanilla Cultivation in Existing Orange Groves 6

1.2.4 Shade Houses 7

1.3 Vanilla Propagation Techniques 8

1.3.1 Preparation and Disinfection of Cuttings 8

1.3.2 Establishing Cuttings Timing 8

1.3.3 Establishing Cuttings Planting 9

1.3.4 New Bud Formation and Root Growth 9

1.4 Irrigation 9

1.5 Nutrition 10

1.5.1 Mulch 10

1.5.2 Building Compost 10

1.6 Weed Control 11

1.7 Shade Management (Pruning of Support Trees) 11

1.8 Shoot Management Looping 12

1.9 Shoot Management Rooting 12

1.10 Main Vanilla Insect Pest 12

1.11 Main Vanilla Diseases 13

1.11.1 Anthracnose 14

1.11.2 Rust 14

1.11.3 Yellowing and Premature Fruit Drop 14

1.12 Flowering and Pollination 14

1.12.1 Percent of Flowering Plants 15

1.12.2 Natural Pollination 15

1.12.3 Hand Pollination 15

1.12.4 Quantity of Flowers to be Pollinated 17

1.12.5 Fruit Development 17

1.13 Harvesting 17

1.13.1 Harvesting Practices 18

1.13.2 Preventing Theft 18

1.14 Green Vanilla Commercialization 19

1.14.1 Prices 19

1.15 Curing 19

1.15.1 Yield Ratio of Green/Cured Vanilla 21

1.16 Grading 21

1.16.1 Packing 22

1.17 Buyers 23

1.18 Export Volume 23

1.19 Prices 23

1.20 Aromatic Profile 23

1.21 Summary 24

References 24

2 Vanilla Diseases 27
Juan HernandezHernández

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Root and Stem Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Vanillae) 27

2.2.1 Description 27

2.2.2 Damage 28

2.2.3 Control 28

2.3 Black Rot (Phytophtora Sp.) 29

2.3.1 Description 29

2.3.2 Damage 29

2.3.3 Control 29

2.4 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum Sp.) 30

2.4.1 Description 30

2.4.2 Damage 31

2.4.3 Control 31

2.5 Rust (Uromyces Sp.) 31

2.5.1 Description 31

2.5.2 Damage

2.5.3 Control 32

2.6 Rotting of Recently Planted Cuttings 32

2.6.1 Description 32

2.6.2 Damage 32

2.6.3 Control 33

2.7 Yellowing and Shedding of Young Fruits 33

2.7.1 Description 33

2.7.2 Damage 34

2.7.3 Control 34

2.8 Viral Diseases 35

2.8.1 Cymbidium Mosaic Virus (CYMV) 35

2.8.2 Vanilla Mosaic Virus (VMV) 35

2.8.3 Vanilla Necrosis Potyvirus (VNPV) 35

2.8.4 Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus (ORSV) 35

2.8.5 Prevention of Viral Diseases 36

2.9 Damage by Adverse Climatic Factors 36

2.9.1 Natural Pruning of the Apical Buds 36

2.9.1.1 Description 36

2.9.1.2 Damage 37

2.9.1.3 Control 37

2.10 Damage from Sunburn 37

2.10.1 Description 37

2.10.2 Damage 37

2.10.3 Control 38

2.11 Hurricanes 38

References 39

3 Vanilla Production in Costa Rica 41
Elida Varela Quirós

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 History of Vanilla Production in Costa Rica 42

3.2.1 The First Phase of Largescale Cultivation in Costa Rica 42

3.2.2 The Se...