Provides a comprehensive description for machining technologies of stainless steels and super alloys with consideration to current industrial applications.
* Presents current and recent developments related to traditional and nontraditional machining techniques of stainless steels and super alloys
* Arranges types of stainless steels and super alloys in qualitative and quantitative form, as related to their machining characteristics, providing the reader with information regarding optimum working condition for each material
* Proposes a 10-level machinability chart to rank important grades of stainless steels
* Arranges the machinability rating of the most commonly used super alloys in a descending order
* Presents non-traditional machining processes along with some hybrid processes which have been applied successfully to stainless steels and super alloys
Autorentext
Professor Helmi A. Youssef, born in August, 1938 in Alexandria, Egypt, has acquired his B.Sc. in Production Engineering, Alexandria University in 1960. He completed then his scientific building in Carolo-Welhelmina, TH Braunschweig in Germany, during the period 1961-1967, where he acquired his Dipl.-Ing., and Dr.-Ing. Degree in the domain of Non-traditional Machining. In Alexandria University, he has been promoted to associate, then since 1978 to full professor. In the period 1995-1998, professor Youssef was the chairman of the Production Engineering Dept., and since 1989, he was a member of the scientific committee for promotion of professors in Egyptian Universities. Between 1975 and 1998, he was a visiting professor in many Arab, and German Universities. He established his own laboratories, and supervised many M.Sc. and Ph D theses. Professor Youssef has organized and participated in international conferences. He has published many scientific papers in specialized journals, and authored books in his fields of specialization; two of which have been published by CRC, on machining and manufacturing technologies, in 2008, and 2011, respectively. Currently, Prof. Youssef is Emeritus Professor in PED, Alexandria University.
Inhalt
Preface xiii
About the Author xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Nomenclature xxiii
Glossary xxvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Stainless Steels and Super Alloys as Difficult-to-Cut Materials 1
1.1.1 Historical Background of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 2
1.1.1.1 Stainless Steels 2
1.1.1.2 Super Alloys 3
1.1.2 Industrial Applications of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 3
1.1.2.1 Stainless Steels 3
1.1.2.2 Super Alloys 4
1.2 Traditional and Nontraditional Machining Processes 4
1.2.1 Importance of Machining in Manufacturing Technology 4
1.2.2 Classification of Machining Processes 6
1.2.3 Variables of Machining Processes 9
1.2.3.1 Input (Independent) Variables 9
1.2.3.2 Output (Dependent) Variables 9
References 10
2 Types and Classifications of Stainless Steels 11
2.1 Role of Alloying Elements in Stainless Steels 11
2.2 Types of Stainless Steels 13
2.2.1 Basic Alloys of Stainless Steels (Ferritic, Martensitic, Austenitic) 13
2.2.1.1 Ferritic Stainless Steels of AISI-Designations 13
2.2.1.2 Martensitic Stainless Steels also of AISI-Designation 18
2.2.1.3 Austenitic Stainless Steels of AISI-Designation 19
2.2.2 Derived Alloys of Stainless Steels (Duplex, PH-Alloys) 22
2.3 Concluding Comments and Comparative Characteristics 23
References 26
3 Types and Classifications of Super Alloys 27
3.1 General Features and Classifications 27
3.2 Types of Super Alloys 28
3.2.1 Fe-Base Alloys 31
3.2.2 Ni-Base Alloys 34
3.2.3 Co-Base Alloys 39
References 41
4 Traditional Machining - Machinability, Tooling, and Cutting Fluids 43
4.1 Machinability Concept in Metal Cutting 43
4.1.1 Definition and General Aspects 43
4.1.2 Quantifying and Criteria of Machinability 44
4.1.2.1 Tool Life Criterion 46
4.1.2.2 Cutting Forces and Power Consumption Criterion 48
4.1.2.3 Surface Finish Criterion 50
4.1.3 Enhancing Machinability of Difficult-to-Cut Materials 50
4.1.3.1 Adoption of Free Machining Steels and Alloys 50
4.1.3.2 Thermally Assisted Machining (Hot Machining) 52
4.1.3.3 High Speed Machining 52
4.1.3.4 Ultrasonic-Assisted Machining 60
4.1.3.5 Advanced Cooling Techniques 61
4.1.3.6 Cryogenic Treatment of Tool Materials 63
4.2 Cutting Tool Materials 63
4.2.1 Characteristics of an Ideal Tool Material 64
4.2.2 Types of Cutting Tool Materials 65
4.2.2.1 High Speed Steel (HSS) 65
4.2.2.2 Cast Nonferrous Alloys (Stellite and UCON) 67
4.2.2.3 Cemented Carbides (Widia) 69
4.2.2.4 Cemented Titanium Carbides (TiC-Based Tools) 73
4.2.2.5 Cermets 73
4.2.2.6 Ceramics (Alumina-Based Tools) 73
4.2.2.7 SiAlON 74
4.2.2.8 Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) 74
4.2.2.9 Diamond 75
4.2.3 Tool Materials for Machining of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 75
4.2.3.1 Cutting Tool Materials for Stainless Steels 76
4.2.3.2 Tool Materials for Super Alloys 77
4.3 Cutting Fluids for Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 81
4.3.1 Functions, Characteristics, and General Considerations 81
4.3.2 Types of Cutting Fluids 82
4.3.2.1 Water-Base Liquids 82
4.3.2.2 Neat Oils 83
4.3.2.3 Liquid Gas or Cryogenic Coolants 83
4.3.2.4 Solid Lubricants 84
4.3.3 Application Methods 84
4.3.4 Cutting Fluids for Stainless Steels 85
4.3.4.1 Sulfo-chlorinated Cutting Oils 85
4.3.4.2 Emulsifiable Fluids 86
4.3.4.3 Selection of Cutting Fluid for Stainless Steels 87
4.3.5 Cutting Fluids for Super Alloys 88
4.3.5.1 Turning, Planing, Shaping, and Boring 88
4.3.5.2 Broaching 88
4.3.5.3 Drilling and Reaming 89
4.3.5.4 Tapping and Thread Cutting 89
4.3.5.5 Milling 89
4.3.5.6 Sawing 89
4.3.5.7 Grinding 89
References 91
5 Traditional Machining of Stainless Steels 93
5.1 Machinability of Stainless Steels 93
5.1.1 Free-Machining Additives of Stainless Steels 94
5.1.2 Machinability of Free- and Nonfree-Machining Stainless Steels 97
5.1.2.1 Ferritic and Martensitic Alloys 99
5.1.2.2 Austenitic Alloys 100
5.1.2.3 Duplex Alloys 101
5.1.2.4 PH-Alloys 102
5.1.3 Enhanced Machining Stainless Steels 102
5.1.4 Machinability Ratings of Stainless Steels 102
5.2 Traditional Machining Processes of Stainless Steels 103
5.2.1 Turning 103
5.2.1.1 Form Turning and Cutting Off 104
5.2.2 Drilling 106
5.2.2.1 Important Hints When Drilling Stainless Steels 107
5.2.3 Reaming 110
5.2.3.1 Tool Geometry of Reamers for Stainless Steels 110
5.2.3.2 Reaming Parameters 111
5.2.4 Milling 111
5.2.5 Broaching 112
5.2.6 Grinding 114
5.3 Surface Treatments of Stainless Steel after Machining 114
5.3.1 Chemical Cleaning (Pickling) 115
5.3.2 Passivating 116
References 118
6 Traditional Machining of Super Alloys 119
6.1 Machinability Aspects of Super Alloys 119
6.2 Machinability Rating of Super Alloys 120
6.2.1 Machinability as Based on Tool Life and Nominal Cutting Speeds 121
6.2.2 Machinability as Based on Specific Cutting Energy 124
6.3 Traditional Machining Processes (TMPs) of Super Alloys 125
6.3.1 Challenges and Machining Guidelines for Super Alloys 126
6.3.2 Turning 127
6.3.3 Drilling 130
6.3.4 Reaming 133
6.3.5 Milling 133