Hematology, the study of the blood and its disorders, has existed as a science for about one hundred years. During that period it has remained true to its goals. Despite many advances in the submicroscopic and biochemical realm, hematology has clung to its basic postulate that the majority of blood disorders are expressed in morphologically distinct cell changes. Even modern hematology relies largely on the morphologic examination of cells, and the microscope con­ tinues to be its main diagnostic tool. Today we may describe hematology as the only morphologically oriented clinical science. It owes its existence chiefly to the development of staining methods which make it possible to assign mor­ phologic structures to specific cellular functions and thus to specific pathologic states. The first step in this direction was the brilliant discovery of panoptic stains in the early part of this century by Pappenheim, Wright, and others. This was followed in the 1950s and 1960s by the development of numerous cytochemical procedures for the differentiation of diverse biochemical reactions and cell types. In the last decade, immunologic methods have been employed to identify cell type-specific antigens as a means of classifying lymphoid and other cells more precisely and more objectively. This has aided in the differentia­ tion of many important hematologic diseases. In this fourth edition of the Atlas of Clinical Hematology, we have attempted to update the text and bring it in line with recent developments.

Methodology.- A. Techniques of Specimen Collection and Preparation.- Blood Smear.- Bone Marrow.- Puncture of Lymph Nodes and Tumors.- Splenic Puncture.- Concentration of Leukocytes from Peripheral Blood in Leukocytopenia.- Isolation of Mononuclear Cells by Density Gradient Centrifugation.- Lupus Erythematosus (LE) Cell Test.- Detection of Sickle Cells.- B. Light Microscopic Procedures.- 1. Staining Methods for the Morphologic and Cytochemical Differentiation of Cells.- Pappenheim's Stain (Panoptic Stain).- Wright Stain.- Hemacolor Fast Stain.- Sangodiff G Stain.- Undritz Toluidine Blue Stain for Basophils.- Mayer's Acid Hemalum Nuclear Stain.- Reticulocyte Stain.- Heinz Body Test.- Nile Blue Sulfate Stain.- Stain for Demonstrating Hemoglobin F in Red Blood Cells.- Stain for Demonstrating Methemoglobin-Containing Cells in Blood Smears.- Iron Stain.- Cytochemical Detection of Glycogen in Blood Cells Using the Periodic Acid- Schiff Reaction and Diastase Test (PAS Reaction).- Cytochemical Detection of Peroxidase.- Cytochemical Detection and Semiquantitative Assay of Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) in the Blood Smear.- Cytochemical Detection of Acid Phosphatase.- Cytochemical Detection of Nonspecific Esterases.- ?-Naphthyl Acetate Esterase.- Inhibition of ?-Naphthyl Acetate Esterase by Sodium Fluoride.- Naphthol-AS-Acetate Esterase.- Naphthol-AS-D-Chloracetate Esterase.- 2. Immunocytochemical Detection of Cell-Surface and Intracellular Antigens.- 3. Staining Methods for the Demonstration of Blood Parasites.- Thick Smear Method.- Examination of Blood for Bartonella.- Examination of Bone Marrow Smears for Blood Parasites.- Examination for Toxoplasma.- Examination of the Blood for Filariae.- Examination for Mycobacterium leprae.- C. Electron Microscopy.- Methodology.- Illustrations.- A. Overview of Cells in the Blood, Bone Marrow, and Lymph Nodes.- Illustrative Overview.- B. Blood and Bone Marrow.- 1. Individual Cells.- a) Light Microscopic Morphology and Cytochemistry.- Cells of Erythropoiesis.- Erythrocytes.- Erythropoiesis in Megaloblastic Anemias.- Myeloblasts and Promyelocytes.- The Neutrophils: Myelocytes, Metamyelocytes, Band and Segmented Forms.- Degenerate Forms and Toxic Granulation.- Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells.- Congenital Anomahes of Granulocytopoiesis.- Granulocytopoiesis in Megaloblastic Anemias.- Cells of the Reticulohistiocytic System.- Storage Cells, Epithehal Cells, Endothehal Cells.- Reticulum Cells of Blood-Forming Organs.- Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts.- Megakaryocytes.- Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells.- Cytochemistry of Leukocytes and Megakaryocytes.- b) Immunocytologic Differentiation of Normal Lymphoid Cells.- Stages of B-Cell Maturation and Activation.- B Lymphocytopoiesis.- B and Pre-B Cells in Bone Marrow.- B Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood.- Stages of Plasma Cell Development, CSF in Viral Meningitis.- Stages of T-Cell Maturation and Activation.- T Lymphocytopoiesis, Thymus.- Mature T Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood.- Activated T Cells.- c) Electron Microscopic Cell Morphologies.- Ultrastructure of Cells.- Special Ultrastructural Features.- Marrow Sinus and Megakaryocyte.- Platelets.- Plasma Cells.- Mast Cells.- Normoblasts and Reticulum Cell.- Oxyphilic Normoblast.- Reticulocyte.- Myeloblast.- Promyelocyte.- Neutrophilic Granulocyte.- Monocyte.- Basophilic Granulocyte.- Granule of a Basophilic Granulocyte.- Granule of an Eosinophilic Leukocyte.- Eosinophilic Granulocyte.- Lymphocytes.- Erythrocyte Containing Numerous Heinz Bodies.- Sickle Cell.- Polychromatic Normoblast with Hemosiderin-Containing Mitochondria ("Ringed Sideroblast").- Mitochondria of a Normoblast in Sideroachrestic Anemia.- Normoblast in Sideroachrestic Anemia.- Normoblast in Dyserythropoietic Anemia Type I and II.- Leukemic Cell in Promyelocytic Leukemia.- Leukemic Cells in Hairy Cell Leukemia.- Detail of a Hairy Cell.- Sézary Cell.- Detail of a Leukemic Cell in Immunocytoma.- 2. Normal and Pathologie Bone Marrow.- Composition of Normal Bone Marrow.- Hypochromic Anemias.- Iron Deficiency.- Infectious Anemias.- Sideroachrestic Anemia.- Hemolytic Anemias.- Megaloblastic Anemias.- Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias.- Chronic Erythroblastophthisis (Pure Red Cell Aplasia).- Erythremias.- Reactive Bone Marrow Changes.- Toxic Reaction of Bone Marrow.- Hypereosinophilia.- Agranulocytosis.- Thrombocytopenias and Thrombocytopathies.- Panmyelopathy (Panmyelophthisis).- Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS).- Multiple Myeloma (Plasmacytoma, Kahler's Disease).- Gaucher's Disease.- Myeloproliferative Syndrome.- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).- Eosinophilic Leukemia.- Basophilic Leukemia.- Mastocytoma.- Acute Leukemia (AML, ALL).- Undifferentiated Leukemia.- Lymphoblastic Leukemia.- Myeloblastic Leukemia.- Promyelocytic Leukemia.- Myelomonocytic Leukemia.- Monocytic Leukemia.- Acute Erythroleukemia.- C. Lymph Nodes and Spleen.- Cytology of Lymph Node and Splenic Aspirates.- Normal Lymph Node Cytology.- >Normal Spleen Cytology.- Reactive Lymph Node Hyperplasia.- Normal and Hyperergic Hyperplasia.- Toxoplasmosis.- Tuberculosis.- Sarcoidosis (Boeck's Disease).- Branchiogenic Cyst.- Infectious Mononucleosis.- Hodgkin's Disease (Lymphogranulomatosis).- Malignant Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas.- a) Low-Grade and Intermediate-Grade Malignant Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas.- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.- Immunocytoma and Waldenstrom's Disease.- Prolymphocytic Leukemia.- Centrocytic Lymphoma.- Centroblastic-Centrocytic Lymphoma (Giant Follicular Lymphoblastoma, Brill-Symmers Disease).- Sézary Syndrome.- Hairy Cell Leukemia.- b) High-Grade Malignant Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas.- Lymphoblastic Malignant Lymphomas.- Immunoblastic Malignant Lymphomas.- Varies Highly Malignant Lymphomas.- Malignant Histiocytosis.- D. Immunocytologic Identification and Classification of Lymphoid Malignancies.- Distinction of Malignant from Benign Lymphoid Cells.- Classification of Mahgnant Lymphoid Cells.- C(ommon) ALL.- Lymphoblastic B-Cell Lymphoma, Burkitt Phenotype, CSF in Meningeal Involvement.- Lymphoplasmacytoid Immunocytoma, CSF in Meningeal Involvement.- Multiple Myeloma, CSF in Meningeal Involvement.- T-ALL, CSF in Meningeal Involvement.- Primary CNS Lymphoma of T-Precursor Phenotype, CSF.- E. Tumor Aspirates.- Ewing's Sarcoma, Bone Marrow.- Chloroma, Tumor Aspirate.- Prostatic Carcinoma, Bone Marrow.- Bronchogenic Carcinoma, Lymph Node.- Thyroid Carcinoma, Tumor Aspirate.- …