Thesis (M.A.) from the year 2014 in the subject Chemistry - Bio-chemistry, University of Kufa (University of Kufa), language: English, abstract: The National Nanotechnology Initiative defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter to at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nm. This definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter that occur below the given size threshold. These unique effects often provide nanoscale materials the desired chemical, physical, and biological properties that differ from those of their larger or bulk counterparts .