* The safe storage in glass-based materials of both radioactive and non-radioactive hazardous wastes is covered in a single book, making it unique
* Provides a comprehensive and timely reference source at this critical time in waste management, including an extensive and up-to-date bibliography in all areas outlined to waste conversion and related technologies, both radioactive and non-radioactive
* Brings together all aspects of waste vitrification, draws comparisons between the different types of wastes and treatments, and outlines where lessons learnt in the radioactive waste field can be of benefit in the treatment of non-radioactive wastes
Autorentext
Ian Donald, Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), UK. Ian Donald has specialised in various areas of glass technology for over 30 years. After receiving a PhD from the University of Leeds? in 1973 he continued with postdoctoral studies at the University of Warwick. This was followed by research on metallic glasses at the University of Sheffield.?Subsequently, Dr. Donald joined the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (later to become the Atomic Weapons Establishment,?ARE) in 1981. He was promoted to the grade of Distinguished Scientist in 2002, and was awarded the John Challens Medal for Lifetime Achievement by AWE in 2006. His work at AWE?has included a diverse range of topics and has covered speculative research on a variety of glass, ceramic and glass-ceramic materials, as well as component development programmes including the research and development of chemically strengthened glasses with frangible (command-break) properties, glass-coated microwire, glass- and glass-ceramic-to-metal seal devices and coatings, glass and glass-ceramic matrix composites and, over the last 14 years, glasses and ceramics as hosts for immobilizing radioactive wastes. Over this period, Dr Donald has presented many papers at international conferences on waste-related topics.
Dr Donald is an elected member of national and international technical committees on glass including the Basic Science and Technology Committee of the Society of Glass Technology together with the Committee on Nucleation, Crystallization and Glass-Ceramics of the International Commission on Glass, representing the UK. He is also a Fellow of both the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and the Society of Glass Technology, is an Associate Member of the Institute of Physics, has served time as a Visiting Professor at the University of Reading, is author or co-author of over 100 technical publications in the open literature, including a book written at the invitation of the Society of Glass Technology on Glass-to-Metal Seals, and is a member of the EPSRC Peer Review College.
Inhalt
Preface page xi
Acknowledgements xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Categories of Waste and Waste Generation in the Modern World 1
1.1.1 Radioactive Wastes from Nuclear Power and Defence Operations 2
1.1.2 Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 7
1.1.3 Other Sources of Waste Material 9
1.2 General Disposal Options 11
1.3 Radiation Issues 19
1.4 Waste Disposal and the Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactors 21
1.5 Nuclear Accidents and the Lessons Learnt 25
References 31
2. Materials Toxicity and Biological Effects 37
2.1 Metals 38
2.1.1 Beryllium, Barium and Radium 38
2.1.2 Vanadium 39
2.1.3 Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten 40
2.1.4 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium 40
2.1.5 Platinum-Group Metals 41
2.1.6 Nickel 42
2.1.7 Copper, Silver and Gold 42
2.1.8 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury 43
2.1.9 Aluminium and Thallium 45
2.1.10 Tin and Lead 46
2.1.11 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth 48
2.1.12 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium 49
2.1.13 Thorium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium and Americium 50
2.2 Compounds 51
2.3 Asbestos 51
References 55
3. Glass and Ceramic Based Systems and General Processing Methods 57
3.1 Glass Formation 58
3.1.1 Glass-Forming Ability 58
3.1.2 Thermal Stability 61
3.2 Types of Glass 61
3.2.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glasses 61
3.2.2 Phosphate Glasses 61
3.2.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses 62
3.2.4 Alternative Glasses 62
3.3 Ceramics 62
3.4 Glass-Ceramics 63
3.5 Glass and Ceramic Based Composite Systems 68
3.6 Processing of Glass and Ceramic Materials 68
3.6.1 Melting and Vitrifi cation 69
3.6.2 Powder Processing and Sintering 69
3.6.3 Hot Pressing 69
3.6.4 Sol-Gel Processing 70
3.6.5 Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis 70
3.6.6 Microwave Processing 70
References 71
4. Materials Characterization 75
4.1 Chemical Analysis 75
4.2 Thermal Analysis 76
4.3 Structural Analysis 78
4.3.1 Optical and Electron Microscopy 78
4.3.2 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 79
4.3.3 X-ray and Neutron Diffraction 79
4.3.4 Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy 80
4.3.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 80
4.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 80
4.4 Mechanical Properties 81
4.4.1 Fracture Mechanics 81
4.4.2 Flexural Strength of Materials 83
4.4.3 Lifetime Behaviour 83
4.5 Chemical Durability and Standardized Tests 87
4.6 Radiation Stability 92
4.7 Other Properties Relevant to Wasteforms 94
4.8 Use of Nonradioactive Surrogates 94
References 96
5. Radioactive Wastes 101
5.1 Sources and Waste Stream Compositions 101
5.1.1 Nuclear Reactor Spent Fuel Wastes 102
5.1.2 Defence Wastes 107
5.1.3 Surplus Materials 108
5.1.4 Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Waste 109
5.2 General Immobilization Options 111
References 115
6. Immobilization by Vitrification 121
6.1 Vitrification History and the Advancement of Melter Design 121
6.1.1 Pot Processes 122
6.1.2 Continuous Melting by Induction Furnace 124
6.1.3 Joule-Heated Ceramic Melters 128
6.1.4 Cold Crucible Induction Melters 131
6.1.5 Plasma Arc/Torch Melters 135
6.1.6 Microwave Processing 138
6.1.7 In situ Melting 138
6.1.8 Bulk Vitrification 138
6.1.9 Alternative Melting Techniques 138
6.1.10 Vitrification Incidents and the Lessons that have been Learnt 140
6.2 Difficult Waste Constituents 144<...