Plastics Materials, Fifth Edition, reviews developments of plastics materials. The 1980s saw the introduction of many new materials, some of which were highly specialized in their function, particularly in the field of electronics. The book attempts to take such developments into account. It also highlights the commercial importance of materials discussed and includes representative production or consumption statistics.
The book begins by tracing the historical development of plastics materials. This is followed by separate chapters on the production of polymers via addition polymerization, condensation polymerization, and rearrangement polymerization; physical states of aggregation of polymers; factors affecting the thermal and mechanical properties of polymers; the relation of structure to the chemical, electrical, and optical properties of plastics; plastics additives; and principles of plastics processing. Subsequent chapters focus on the properties of individual plastics materials. These include polyethylene, polypropylene, vinyl chloride polymers, poly(vinyl acetate), acrylic plastics, polystyrene, vinyl thermoplastics, polyamides and polyimides, polyacetals and related materials, and polycarbonates.
Inhalt
Preface to Fifth Edition
Preface to First Edition
1 The Historical Development of Plastics Materials
1.1 Natural Plastics
1.2 Parkesine and Celluloid
1.3 1900-1930
1.4 The Evolution of the Vinyl Plastics
1.5 Developments since 1939
1.6 Raw Materials for Plastics
1.7 The Market for Plastics
1.8 The Future for Plastics
2 The Chemical Nature of Plastics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Behavior
2.3 Further Consideration of Addition Polymerization
2.3.1 Elementary Kinetics of Free Radical Addition Polymerization
2.3.2 Ionic Polymerization
2.4 Condensation Polymerization
3 States of Aggregation in Polymers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Linear Amorphous Polymers
3.2.1 Orientation in Linear Amorphous Polymers
3.3 Crystalline Polymers
3.3.1 Orientation and Crystallization
3.3.2 Liquid Crystal Polymers
3.4 Cross-Linked Structures
3.5 Polyblends
3.6 Summary
4 Relation of Structure to Thermal and Mechanical Properties
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Factors Affecting the Glass Transition Temperature
4.3 Factors Affecting the Ability to Crystallize
4.4 Factors Affecting the Crystalline Melting Point
4.5 Some Individual Properties
4.5.1 Melt Viscosity
4.5.2 Yield Strength and Modulus
4.5.3 Density
4.5.4 Impact Strength
5 Relation of Structure to Chemical Properties
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemical Bonds
5.3 Polymer Solubility
5.3.1 Plasticisers
5.3.2 Extenders
5.3.3 Determination of Solubility Parameter
5.3.4 Thermodynamics and Solubility
5.4 Chemical Reactivity
5.5 Effects of Thermal, Photochemical and High Energy Radiation
5.6 Aging and Weathering
5.7 Diffusion and Permeability
5.8 Toxicity
5.9 Fire and Plastics
6 Relation of Structure to Electrical and Optical Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dielectric Constant, Power Factor and Structure
6.3 Some Quantitative Relationships of Dielectrics
6.4 Electronic Applications of Polymers
6.5 Electrically Conductive Polymers
6.6 Optical Properties
7 Additives for Plastics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fillers
7.2.1 Coupling Agents
7.3 Plasticisers and Softeners
7.4 Lubricants and Flow Promoters
7.5 Anti-Aging Additives
7.5.1 Antioxidants
7.5.2 Antiozonants
7.5.3 Stabilizers Against Dehydrochlorination
7.5.4 Ultra-Violet Absorbers and Related Materials
7.6 Flame Retarders
7.7 Colorants
7.8 Blowing Agents
7.9 Cross-linking Agents
7.10 Photodegradants
8 Principles of the Processing of Plastics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Melt Processing of Thermoplastics
8.2.1 Hygroscopic Behavior
8.2.2 Granule Characteristics
8.2.3 Thermal Properties Influencing Polymer Melting
8.2.4 Thermal Stability
8.2.5 Flow Properties
8.2.6 Thermal Properties Affecting Cooling
8.2.7 Crystallization
8.2.8 Orientation and Shrinkage
8.3 Melt Processing of Thermosetting Plastics
8.4 Processing in the Rubbery State
8.5 Solution, Suspension and Casting Processes
8.6 Summary
9 Principles of Product Design
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rigidity of Plastics Materials
9.2.1 The Assessment of Maximum Service Temperature
9.3 Toughness
9.3.1 The Assessment of Impact Strength
9.4 Stress-Strain-Time Behavior
9.4.1 The WLF Equations
9.4.2 Creep Curves
9.4.3 Practical Assessment of Long Term Behavior
9.5 Recovery from Deformation
9.6 Distortion, Voids and Frozen-in Stress
9.7 Conclusions
10 Polyethylene
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preparation of Monomer
10.3 Polymerization
10.3.1 High Pressure Polymerization
10.3.2 Ziegler Processes
10.3.3 The Phillips Process
10.3.4 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Process
10.3.5 Processes for Making Linear Low Density Polyethylene
10.4 Structure and Properties of Polyethylene
10.5 Properties of Polyethylene
10.5.1 Mechanical Properties
10.5.2 Thermal Properties
10.5.3 Chemical Properties
10.5.4 Electrical Properties
10.5.5 Properties of LLDPE and VLDPE
10.6 Additives
10.7 Processing
10.8 Polyethylenes of Low and High Molecular Weight
10.9 Cross-linked Polyethylene
10.10 Chlorinated Polyethylene
10.11 Applications
11 Aliphatic Polyolefins other than Polyethylene, and Diene Rubbers
11.1 Polypropylene
11.1.1 Preparation of Polypropylene
11.1.2 Structure and Properties of Polypropylene
11.1.3 Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene
11.1.4 Additives for Isotactic Polypropylene
11.1.5 Processing Characteristics
11.1.6 Applications
11.1.7 Atactic Polypropylene
11.1.8 Chlorinated Polypropylene
11.2 Polybut-1-ene
11.2.1 Atactic Polybut-1-ene
11.3 Polyisobutylene
11.4Poly-(4-Methylpent-1-ene)
11.4.1 Structure and Properties
11.4.2 General Properties
11.4.3 Processing
11.4.4 Applications
11.5 Other Aliphatic Olefin Homopolymers
11.6 Copolymers Containing Ethylene
11.7 Diene Rubbers
11.7.1 Natural Rubber
11.7.2 Synthetic Polyisoprene (IR)
11.7.3 Polybutadiene
11.7.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
11.7.5 Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
11.7.6 Chloroprene Rubbers (CR)
11.7.7 Butadiene-Pentadiene Rubbers
11.8 Thermoplastic Diene Rubbers
11.9 Aliphatic Olefin Rubbers
11.9.1 Thermoplastic Polyolefin Rubbers
11.10 Rubbery Cyclo-Olefin (Cyclo-Alkene) Polymers
11.10.1 Aliphatic Polyalkenamers
11.10.2 Polynorbornene
11.10.3 Chlorine-Containing Copolymers
11.11 1,2-Polybutadiene
12 Vinyl Chloride Polymers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Preparation of Vinyl Chloride
12.3 Polymerization
12.4 Structure of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
12.4.1 Characterization of Commercial Polymers
12.5 Compounding Ingredients
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