This volume on the clinical anatomy of the neurocranium, the orbit and the craniocervical junction is intended to provide a precise and detailed account for the use of neurosurgeons, otorhinolaryngologists, neuroradiologists and roentgenologists. In recent years diagnostic tech­ niques and the scope of surgical intervention have broadened and have become increasingly refined. Many procedures are nowadays carried out with the aid of magnifying lenses and operat­ ing microscopes which bring diminutive structures into the range of the surgeon's hand and eye. This means that an atlas of the clinical anatomy of the head must give the surgeon working with the operating microscope and the diagnostician using sophisticated equipment full details of the morphology relevant to the scope of each specialty. It would be a fascinating task to depict all the structures of the orbit and the head from the skull base upwards, but any such plan would have required a photoatlas in several volumes. For this reason I have confined myself to medical problems of current importance. In this volume I have included numerous variations which I have myself encountered, so as to underline the diversity of human anatomy. A more comprehensive presentation of the findings and the structures of the head will be published in the three volumes of LANZ-WACHSMUTH. All the dissections illustrated in this book were prepared and photographed by myself.

1. Synopsis of the Skull.- Anthropological Landmarks.- Skull.- Development of the Bones of the Skull.- Fontanelles and Sutures.- Sutural Bones and Synostosis of Sutures.- Craniostenosis.- Thickness and Modelling of the Calvaria.- Skull Base Angle and Skull Length.- Growth of the Median Structures of the Skull and Middle Cranial Fossa.- Growth in the Breadth of the Skull.- Development of the Paranasal Sinuses.- Frontipetal and Occipitopetal Skulls.- 2. Diploic Veins, Meninges and Scalp.- Diploic Veins.- Meningeal Sulci and Meningeal Vessels.- 3. Orbit and Contents.- Synopsis of the Cranial Blood Vessels.- Anterior Aspect of the Orbital Region.- Palpebral Fissure and Adjacent Blood Vessels.- Infraorbital Foramen.- Roof and Walls of the Orbit.- Orbital Contents and the Angle Between the Orbital Opening and Coronal Plane.- Lateral Approach to the Orbit and Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae.- Fossa Alaris and Protuberances Over the Inferior Frontal, and Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri.- Lateral Wall of the Orbit.- Orbital Apertures and Fissures of the Lateral Wall of the Orbit.- Lateral Orbital Wall and the Tendinous Ring.- Adjoining Structures of the Lateral Wall of the Orbit.- Intraconic Nerves and Vessels and Medial Wall of the Orbit.- Ethmoidal Foramina.- Medial Wall and Neighboring Structures.- Medial Wall of the Orbit and Superior Oblique Muscle.- and Course of the Ethmoidal Canals.- Course of the Ethmoidal Canals.- 4. Anterior Cranial Fossa, the Approach to the Orbit and the Ethmoid Bone.- Floor of the Anterior Cranial Fossa: Thickness and Blood Supply.- Anterior Cranial Fossa: the Neurosurgical Approach to the Orbit, the Olfactory Fossa and the Pituitary Region.- Paranasal Sinuses and the Roof of the Orbit.- The Hazardous Frontal Bone.- Distances Between the Olfactory Fossa and Adjacent Structures.- Olfactory Fossa and Cribriform Plate.- Olfactory Fibers.- Optic Canal: General.- Unroofing of the Superior Orbital Fissure and Optic Canal.- and Intraconic Nerves of the Optic Canal.- Orbital Contents from Above and the Periorbit.- Aponeurosis of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle.- Intraconic Course of Nerves and Vessels of the Orbit.- Ophthalmic Vein.- Sheaths and Vascular Supply of the Optic Nerves.- 5. The Floor of the Orbit.- Paries Inferior Orbitae.- Orbital Floor and the Roof of the Maxillary Sinus (Blow-out Fractures).- Apex of the Orbit; Angle Between Its Medial and Lateral Walls; Dimensions of the Eyeball.- 6. Pituitary Region and Anterior Cranial Fossa: Approaches via the Cranium.- Middle Cranial Fossa and Pituitary Region: Approach from the Side.- Dural Sinuses and Anastomotic Veins.- Subarachnoid Space and Cerebral Arteries.- Arachnoid Granulations.- Superficial Cerebral Veins and Cortical Branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery.- Superolateral Surface of the Hemisphere, Gyri and Sulci.- Medial Surface of the Hemisphere, Gyri and Sulci and Corpus Callosum.- Orbital Surface of the Frontal Lobe.- Cortical Branches of the Anterior Cerebral Artery.- Median Artery of the Corpus Callosum and Frontal Veins.- Anterior Cranial Fossa.- Situation and Blood Supply of the Dural Olfactory Fossa and Anterior Cranial Fossa.- Branches of the Ethmoidal Arteries.- Postnatal Change in the Cribriform Plate.- The Frontal (and Frontolateral) Approach to the Pituitary Region.- Osteology of the Pituitary Region.- Sella Turcica and Sella Bridges.- Dura Mater of the Pituitary Region.- Diaphragma Sellae.- Superior Hypophyseal Arteries.- 7. Transnasal Approach to the Pituitary Region.- Inferior Hypophyseal Arteries.- Pituitary and Sphenoid Sinus.- Sphenoid Sinus.- Morphological Types and Apertures of the Sphenoid Sinus.- Measurements of the Transnasal Approach to the Pituitary Fossa.- Projections Within the Sphenoid Sinus Caused by Internal Carotid Artery and Various Nerves.- Prominences Within the Sphenoid Sinus.- Location of the Pituitary in the Sella Turcica.- Intracranial Course of the Optic Nerve and Optic Canal.- Optic Canal and Optic Nerve.- Optic Chiasma and Neighboring Structures.- 8. Cisternae and Vessels of the Pituitary and Diencephalom.- Subarachnoid Cavity: General.- Basal Cisternae and the Cisterna Ambiens.- Cisternae and Cerebral Arteries: Relations Between Vessels and Nerves.- Circulus Arteriosus and Diencephalic Branches.- Inferior Diencephalic Branches.- Posterior Diencephalic Branches.- Formation Zone and Course of the Basal Vein.- Cranial Nerves: So-called Glial and Peripheral Segments.- 9. Cavernous Sinus and Trigeminal Ganglion.- The Lateral Wall of the Cavernous Sinus.- Nerves of the Cavernous Sinus.- Trigeminal Impression and Foramina in the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Orientation of the Trigeminal Ganglion in the Cavum Trigeminale.- Cavum Trigeminale and Adjacent Structures.- Sphenopetrosal Ligaments.- The Cavernous Part of the Internal Carotid Artery and Its Branches.- Neighboring Cisternae and Venous Portals of the Cavernous Sinus.- 10. Cerebral Ventricles of the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae.- Development of the Brain.- Corpus Callosum and Fornix.- Cavum Septi Pellucidi.- Verga's Ventricle.- Third Ventricle.- Diencephalon and Internal Capsule.- Posterior Choroid Branches.- The Internal Cerebral Vein and Its Tributaries.- Other Veins of the Lateral Ventricle.- Superior Thalamic Veins.- Superior Thalamostriate Vein and Its Tributaries.- 11. Floor and Contents of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Middle Cranial Fossa and Orifices.- Other Foramina of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Postnatal Enlargement of the Foramina Rotundum, Ovale and Spinosum and Shifts in Their Position.- Thick and Thin Zones of the Floor of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Meningeal Grooves of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Floor of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Dural Lining of the Floor of the Middle Cranial Fossa.- Ascending Anastomotic Veins.- Arachnoid Granulations and Falx Bones.- Inferior Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere.- Arterial Supply of the Inferior Surface of the Hemisphere.- Arterial Supply of the Inferior Surface of the Hemisphere and Rostral Perforated Substance.- Length, Diameter and Division of the Middle Cerebral Artery.- Vessels Entering the Rostral Perforated Substance and Perfusion of the Brainstem.- Middle Cerebral Artery, Central Branches (Anterolateral Arteries, Anterolateral Thalamostriate Arteries).- Anterior Cerebral Artery, Central Branches (Anteromedial Central Arteries, Anteromedial Thalamostriate Arteries, Long Central Artery, Medial Striate Branches).- Central Cerebral Veins.- Tributaries and Course of the…