Elementary Medical Biochemistry deals with the biochemical basis of the process of life, particularly, the principles of metabolic processes and the systems controlling these processes. The book reviews matter, energy, and the molecular transport processes in the body (known as diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport, circulation). The text also describes the medical uses of oxygen, and its functions together with hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. The book explains the importance of minerals in the body such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, the trace elements (copper, manganese, cobalt), and other elements (nickel, cadmium, vanadium). Chemical reactions either form or break chemical bonds resulting in an uptake or release of energy. The book explains the various factors affecting the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs. These factors include temperature, concentration of reagents, or enzymes. The text also describes the metabolic fate of pyruvic acid, the glycolysis in muscle tissue, and the handling of end-products of metabolism by the body. The book is intended for students of nursing with diploma courses in general obstetrics and psychiatric nursing.
Inhalt
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Matter and Energy
Elements and Compounds
Energy: Life and Movement
The States of Matter
Temperature and Heat
Molecular Transport Processes in the Body
Chapter 2 -Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon and Nitrogen
Oxygen
Uptake and Transport of Oxygen in the Body
Other Important Facts About Oxygen
Medical Uses of Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Chapter 3 - Minerals and Electrolytes
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Chlorine
Phosphorus
Sulfur
The Trace Elements
Other Elements Found in Tissues
Chapter 4 - Symbols, Reactions and Equations
The Formation of Ions
Valency
The Formation of Molecules - Covalent Bonds
Multiple Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Co-Ordinate Covalent Bonds (Dative Bonds)
Formulae
Radicals
The Periodic Table
Introduction to Chemical Reactions
Chapter 5 - Water, Acids and Bases
The Importance of Water in the Body
Distribution of Water in the Body
Fluid Mixtures
Water Gain and Loss
Water Loss Via the Kidneys
The Exchange of Fluid Between the Capillaries and the Tissues of the Body
Control of the Water Balance
The Dissociation and Association of Water
The Concept of pH
The Dissociation of Substances in Aqueous Solutions
Buffers
Indicators
Equivalent Mass
Molarity and Normality
Chapter 6 - Carbon-Containing Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and Phenols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters, Ethers and Amines
Chapter 7 - Biologically Important Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Porphyrins and Derivatives
Purines, Pyrimidines and their Derivatives
Nucleic Acids
Compounds Containing High Energy Phosphate Bonds
Chapter 8 - Enzymatic and Genetic Control of Reactions
Enzyme Action and Substrate Specificity
Localization of Enzymes in Tissues
The Types of Enzymes Found in Tissues
Local Regulation of Enzyme Action
Coding of Genetic Information
Transcription of Genetic Information
Translation of Genetic Information
Cell Division and the Replication of Genes
The Regulation of Protein Synthesis by Control at the Gene Level
Hormonal Regulation of Enzyme Production and Activity
Chapter 9 - The Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
Digestion in the Mouth
Digestion in the Stomach
Digestion in the Small Intestine
The Hormonal Control of the Digestive Secretions
The Absorption of Nutrients from the Alimentary Canal
The Functions of the Large Intestine
Chapter 10 - Metabolism
The Respiratory Chain (or Electron Transfer Pathway)
Other Sources of ATP
The Catabolism of Carbohydrates
Glycogenolysis
Glycolysis
The Entry of Monosaccharides into the Glycolytic Cycle
Branching of the Glycolytic Cycle - Energy Production and a Link with Fat Metabolism
ATP Production in Glycolysis
The Metabolic Fate of Pyruvic Acid
Maintenance of the Blood Sugar Level
Glycolysis in Muscle Tissue
The Pentose Monophosphate Shunt
The Catabolism of Fats
ß-Oxidation
The Catabolism of Proteins
Transamination
Oxidative Deamination
The Synthesis of Urea
The Common Pathway of Metabolism
The Production of Energy from Nutrient Substances
Carbohydrate Anabolism
Fat Anabolism
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Lipogenesis
Protein Anabolism
Amino Acid Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Chapter 11 - The Handling of End-Products of Metabolism by the Body
The Physiological Importance of Carbon Dioxide
The Inter-Relationship of Hydrogen Ions and Carbon Dioxide
The Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
The Excretion of Carbon Dioxide by the Lungs
The Excretion of Other Substances by the Lungs
The Regulation of the Hydrogen Ion Concentration in the Body
Buffer Systems
The Secretion of Hydrogen Ions and the Formation of Ammonium Ions by the Kidneys
Respiratory Alkalosis and Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis and Acidosis
General Excretory Functions of the Kidneys
The Excretory Functions of the Skin
The Excretory Functions of the Alimentary Canal
Chapter 12 - The Endocrine Control of Physiological Processes - The Vitamins
The Action of Hormones - The Negative Feedback Mechanism
The Chemical Nature of Hormones
The Organization of the Endocrine System and the Hypothalamus
The Classification of the Hormones According to their Functions
Hormones that Regulate the Calcium and Phosphate Content of the Body
Hormones that Regulate the Water, Sodium and Potassium Content of the Body
Hormones that Regulate Metabolic Processes Involving Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins
The Trophic Hormones and Releasing Factors
The Hormones that Regulate Reproductive Functions
The Hormones of the Digestive Tract
Miscellaneous Hormones
The Vitamins
Appendix A : List of Elements
Appendix B: Examples of Examination Questions
Appendix C: The Chemical Composition of Blood and Urine