This book focuses on the materials used for fuel cells, solar panels, and storage devices, such as rechargeable batteries. Fuel cell devices, such as direct methanol fuel cells, direct ethanol fuel cells, direct urea fuel cells, as well as biological fuel cells and the electrolytes, membranes, and catalysts used there are detailed. Separate chapters are devoted to polymer electrode materials and membranes. With regard to solar cells, the types of solar cells are detailed, such as inorganic-organic hybrid solar cells, solar powered biological fuel cells, heterojunction cells, multi-junction cells, and others. Also, the fabrication methods are described. Further, the electrolytes, membranes, and catalysts used there are detailed. The section that is dealing with rechargeable batteries explains the types of rechargeable devices, such as aluminum-based batteries, zinc batteries, magnesium batteries, and lithium batteries. Materials that are used for cathodes, anodes and electrolytes are detailed. The text focuses on the basic issues and also the literature of the past decade. Beyond education, this book may serve the needs of polymer specialists as well as other specialists, e.g., materials scientists, electrochemical engineers, etc., who have only a passing knowledge of these issues, but need to know more.
Autorentext
Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 30 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published several books on physical chemistry and polymer science including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2009), Polymeric Sensors and Actuators (Wiley-Scrivener 2012), and The Chemistry of Biobased Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2014).
Inhalt
Preface xiii
1 Fuel Cells 1
1.1 Conventional Fuel Cells 2
1.1.1 Sealing Material for Solid Polymer Fuel Cell Separator 2
1.1.2 Water Management in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell 2
1.1.3 Alkaline Fuel Cells 7
1.1.4 Alkaline Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells 8
1.1.5 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery 8
1.1.6 Miniaturization of a Polymer-Type Fuel Cell 9
1.1.7 Polymer Fuel Cell Structure 13
1.1.8 Fuel Cell System and Method for Humidifying 15
1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 15
1.2.1 Modeling Liquid Feed Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 17
1.2.2 Vapor Feed Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 18
1.2.3 Mixed Feed Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 19
1.2.4 Metalized Polymer Film 19
1.2.5 Catalysts 20
1.2.6 Electrolytes 29
1.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells 29
1.3.1 Transport Phenomena in Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells 31
1.3.2 Nanoporous Palladium Anode 33
1.3.3 Catalysts for Ethanol Fuel Cells 33
1.4 Direct Formate Fuel Cells 37
1.5 Direct Urea Fuel Cells 40
1.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems 42
1.6.1 Perovskite Oxides 44
1.6.2 Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 45
1.6.3 Anodized Aluminum Oxide 46
1.6.4 Copper-Modified Ceria Zirconia 46
1.6.5 Nanostructured Bilayer Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 47
1.6.6 Organic Waste Power Plant 47
1.6.7 Oriented Nanostructures 48
1.6.8 Silicon-Based Nanothin Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 48
1.6.9 Nanoparticles-Loaded Cathode 49
1.6.10 Direct Oxidation of Hydrocarbons in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 49
1.7 Biological Fuel Cells 50
1.7.1 Miniature Biological Fuel Cell 51
1.7.2 Cellulose Pellicles 56
1.7.3 Nanoporous Filters 56
1.7.4 Paper-Based Fuel Cell 57
1.7.5 Fuel Cell Utilizing Mitochondria 57
1.7.6 Grafting of Biomolecules onto Microbial Fuel Cells 58
1.7.7 Biosupercapacitor 59
1.7.8 Biological Clean Fuel Processing Systems 60
1.7.9 Filtration-Active Fuel Cell 61
1.7.10 Sustainable Wastewater Treatment 62
1.7.11 Hybrid Biological Fuel Cell 65
1.7.12 High Durability Fuel Cell Components with Cerium Salt Additives 67
1.7.13 Reserve Power Source 68
1.7.14 Performance of a Yeast-Mediated Biological Fuel Cell 68
1.7.15 One-Compartment Fructose/Air Biological Fuel Cell 69
References 69
2 Polymer Electrodes 79
2.1 Porous Electrode Substrate 79
2.2 Electrode Assembly for Solid Polymer Fuel Cell 83
2.3 Electrode for Fuel Cell 83
2.4 Flow-Field Plate 84
2.5 Catalyst for Fuel Electrode 85
2.6 Electrode Catalyst and Solid Polymer Fuel Cell 85
2.7 Membrane Electrode Assembly 87
References 88
3 Polymer Membranes 91
3.1 History 91
3.2 Desired Properties of Membranes 92
3.2.1 Permeation and Diffusion 93
3.2.2 Water Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 93
3.2.3 Water Management System for Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Power Plants 95
3.2.4 Accelerated Conditioning 95
3.2.5 Working Principle of a Polymer Exchange Membrane 96
3.2.6 Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 96
3.2.7 Membranes for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells 109
3.2.8 High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell 111
3.2.9 Functionalized Microporous Zeolite- 13X Membrane 112
3.2.10 Nanoporous Carbon-Nafion Hybrid Membranes 112
3.2.11 Proton Exchange Membranes 113
3.2.12 Catalyst Degradation and Starvation 113
3.2.13 Durability Test Protocols 114
3.2.14 Nanoscale Properties 115
3.3 Types of Membrane Materials 116
3.3.1 Biological Fuel Cells with Nanoporous Membranes 116
3.3.2 Proton-Selective Membrane for Solid Polymer Fuel Cells 119
3.3.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Methan...