This book provides a new, necessary and valuable approach to the consideration of risk in underground engineering projects constructed within rock masses. There are Chapters on uncertainty and risk, rock engineering systems, rock fractures and rock stress, the design of a repository for radioactive waste, plus two major case examples relating to th

John A. Hudson graduated from the Heriot-Watt University, UK, and obtained his PhD at the University of Minnesota, USA. He has spent his professional career in consulting, research, teaching and publishing in engineering rock mechanics, and was awarded the DSc. degree by the Heriot-Watt University for his contributions to the subject. He has authored many scientific papers and books, and was the editor of the 1993 five-volume "Comprehensive Rock Engineering" compendium, and from 1983-2006 editor of the International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. Since 1983, he has been affiliated with Imperial College London as Reader, Professor and now Emeritus Professor. In 1998, he became a Fellow of the UK Royal Academy of Engineering and was President of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) for the period 2007-2011. In 2015, the 7th ISRM Müller Award was conferred on Professor Hudson in recognition of "an outstanding career that combines theoretical and applied rock engineering with a profound understanding of the basic sciences of geology and mechanics".

Xia-Ting Feng graduated in 1986 from the Northeast University of Technology and obtained his PhD in 1992 at the Northeastern University, China. He was then appointed and acted as Lecturer, Associate Professor and Professor at the same university. In 1998, he was admitted by the Hundred Talents Programme to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Subsequently, he permanently joined CAS's Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics at Wuhan, China. In 2003, he obtained the support of the China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists; in 2010, he became a Chair Professor of the Cheung Kong Scholars' Programme, Ministry of Education, China; and, in 2009, he was elected as President of the International Society for Rock Mechanics for the period 2011-2015. He is currently Director of the State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering in Wuhan. Additionally, in 2012, Professor Feng became the Co-President of the Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering. He has made original contributions to the subject of 'intelligent rock mechanics' and his methods have been applied to large rock engineering projects in China and other countries.

Preface
Acknowledgements: International Society for Rock Mechanics
About the authors

1 Introduction and background
1.1 The previous book "Rock Engineering Design" and this book "Rock Engineering Risk"
1.2 Rock engineering risk
1.3 Governing flowchart for the book
1.4 Structure and content of the book
1.5 Chapter summary

2 Uncertainty and risk
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Approaches to risk management
2.3 Epistemic and aleatory uncertainties
2.3.1 Explanation of the terms 'epistemic' and 'aleatory'
2.3.2 Procedures for dealing with epistemic/aleatory uncertainties and Eurocode
2.4 Chapter summary

3 Rock Engineering Systems (RES), auditing and Protocol Sheets
3.1 Introduction to the systems approach and auditing concepts
3.2 Reducing epistemic uncertainty using the rock engineering systems approach
3.3 A review and explanation of the Rock Engineering Systems (RES) methodology
3.3.1 The interaction matrix
3.3.2 Coding the interaction matrix, and the Cause-Effect plot
3.3.3 Mechanism pathways
3.3.4 Step-by-step evolution of the interaction matrix
3.4 Examples of Rock Engineering Systems (RES) applied to rock mechanics and rock engineering design
3.4.1 Natural and artificial surface rock slopes
3.4.1.1 Surface blasting
3.4.1.2 Natural slopes
3.4.1.3 Instability of artificial rock slopes
3.4.2 Underground rock engineering
3.4.2.1 Underground blasting
3.4.2.2 Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs)
3.4.2.3 Tunnel stability
3.4.3 Underground radioactive waste disposal
3.4.4 Use of the RES interaction matrix in other subject areas
3.5 Further development of the RES methodology
3.6 Auditing and Protocol Sheets
3.6.1 'Soft', 'semi-hard' and 'hard' technical audits and the audit evaluation
3.7 Chapter summary

4 Rock fractures and in situ rock stress
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Rock fractures
4.2.1 The spectrum of brittle and ductile rock deformation
4.2.2 Multiple deformational sequences
4.2.3 The risks associated with different types of rock mass
4.3 In situ rock stress
4.3.1 The stress state in a rock mass
4.3.1.1 In situ rock stress scales
4.3.2 Stress perturbation factors
4.3.2.1 Rock inhomogeneity
4.3.2.2 Rock anisotropy
4.3.2.3 Rock fractures
4.3.2.4 The influence of a free surface
4.3.3 Evidence of in situ stress variability
4.3.3.1 Stress vs. depth compilations
4.3.3.2 The ways ahead for improving the understanding of rock stress variability
4.3.4 A case study of modelling in situ rock stress at the Olkiluoto site, western Finland
4.4 Chapter summary

5 Radioactive waste disposal: overcoming complexity and reducing risk
5.1 The disposal objective
5.1.1 An example of radioactive waste repository statistics
5.2 Features, Events and Processes
5.3 Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM+) processes
5.3.1 The THM+ issues in context
5.3.2 The excavation, operational and post-closure stages
5.3.2.1 The excavation stage
5.3.2.2 Operational stage
5.3.2.3 Post-closure stage
5.3.2.4 Heterogeneity and multiple stage data needs
5.3.2.5 Modelling phases and scaling
5.3.3 The use of numerical computer codes
5.3.3.1 The nature of numerical codes
5.3.3.2 Uncoupled and coupled codes
5.3.3.3 Technical auditing of numerical codes
5.3.3.4 Capturing the essence of the problem
5.3.3.5 The overall Technical Auditing (TA) procedure and risk
5.3.3.6 Validation
5.3.3.7 The future of numerical codes
5.4 The DECOVALEX programme
5.4.1 The development of the DECOVALEX programme
5.4.2 Research work in the current DECOVALEX phase: D-2015
5.4.2.1 Task A: The Sealex in situ experiment, Tournemire site, France
5.4.2.2 Task B1: The HE-E in situ heater test, Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory, Switzerland
5.4.2.3 Task B2: The EBS experiment at Horonobe, Japan
5.4.2.4 Task C1: THMC modelling of rock fractures
5.4.2.5 Task C2: Modelling water flow into the Bedrichov Tunnel, Czech Republic
5.5 Underground Research Laboratories (URLs)
5.5.1 The purpose of URLs
5.5.2 The Swedish Äspö URL
5.6 Chapter summary

6 Risks associated with long deep tunnels
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Development of long deep tunnels
6.1.2 Flowchart to develop risk management for long, deep tunnels
6.2 Epistemic uncertainty analysis of design and construction for long deep tunnels
6.2.1 Geological settings
6.2.1.1 Geological factors relating to rockbursts in deep tunnels
6.2.1.2 Geological conditions exhibiting squeezing or large deformation behaviour
6.2.2 Rock stress
6.2.3 Hydrogeology
6.2.4 Properties of the rock mass
6.2.5 Project location
6.2.6 Excavation and support methods
6.3 Aleatory uncertainty analysis of design and construction for long deep tunnels
6.3.1 Detailed geology variations
6.3.2 Rock stress variations
6.3.3 Local water variations
6.3.4 Mechanical behaviour of the rock mass after excavation and in the long term
6.4 Methods to assess and mitigate risk for long deep tunnels
6.4.1 Rockbursts
6.4.1.1 Rockburst risk assessmen…