In North America, concepts of Historical Range of Variability are being employed in land-management planning for properties of private organizations and multiple government agencies. The National Park Service, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, and The Nature Conservancy all include elements of historical ecology in their planning processes. Similar approaches are part of land management and conservation in Europe and Australia. Each of these user groups must struggle with the added complication of rapid climate change, rapid land-use change, and technical issues in order to employ historical ecology effectively. Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management explores the utility of historical ecology in a management and conservation context and the development of concepts related to understanding future ranges of variability. It provides guidance and insights to all those entrusted with managing and conserving natural resources: land-use planners, ecologists, fire scientists, natural resource policy makers, conservation biologists, refuge and preserve managers, and field practitioners. The book will be particularly timely as science-based management is once again emphasized in United States federal land management and as an understanding of the potential effects of climate change becomes more widespread among resource managers.Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/wiens/historicalenvironmentalvariation.

About the Editors

John Wiens is a landscape ecologist and conservation scientist who was on the faculties of several universities in the United States before joining The Nature Conservancy as Chief Scientist in 2002. He has published over 200 scientific papers and six books, and has conducted research in Europe, South America, and Australia as well as the United States. He is currently Chief Conservation Science Officer at PRBO Conservation Science in California and is a visiting faculty member at the University of Western Australia in Perth. He lives in Corvallis, Oregon.

Greg Hayward, Regional Wildlife Ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service in Alaska, is a population ecologist with a passion for helping resource managers understand the trade-offs associated with difficult land management decisions. As a conservation practitioner, Greg brings an academic perspective from faculty positions at the University of Idaho and University of Wyoming. Greg's research extends from boreal owls and flying squirrels to Amur tigers and cutthroat trout with a focus on the consequences of broad scale ecological disturbance on wildlife dynamics.

Hugh Safford is Regional Ecologist for the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region, which includes California, Hawaii, and the Pacific Territories, and a research faculty affiliate with the Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis.

Catherine Giffen, most recently a biological scientist with the U.S. Forest Service National Office in Washington, DC, specializes in regulatory compliance and land management planning. Prior to working with the National Office she spent time in the eastern and western regions of the country working in forest management and natural resource planning. She has over 15 years of experience working with national, regional, and forest-level land management programs.

Contributors vii

Foreword x

Preface xii

Acknowledgments xiv

Section 1 Background and History 1 John A. Wiens

1 Setting the stage: theoretical and conceptual background of historical range of variation 3 William H. Romme, John A. Wiens, and Hugh D. Safford

2 Development of historical ecology concepts and their application to resource management and conservation 19 Wayne Padgett, Barbara Schrader, Mary Manning, and Timothy Tear

Section 2 Issues and Challenges 29 Hugh D. Safford

3 Challenges in the application of historical range of variation to conservation and land management 32 Gregory D. Hayward, Thomas T. Veblen, Lowell H. Suring, and Bob Davis

4 Historical ecology, climate change, and resource management: can the past still inform the future? 46 Hugh D. Safford, Gregory D. Hayward, Nicole E. Heller, and John A. Wiens

5 What is the scope of "history" in historical ecology? Issues of scale in management and conservation 63 John A. Wiens, Hugh D. Safford, Kevin Mcgarigal, William H. Romme, and Mary Manning

6 Native Americans, ecosystem development, and historical range of variation 76 Gregory J. Nowacki, Douglas W. Maccleery, and Frank K. Lake

7 Conservation and resource management in a changing world: extending historical range of variation beyond the baseline 92 Stephen T. Jackson

Section 3 Modeling Historic Variation and Its Application For Understanding Future Variability 111 Robert E. Keane

8 Creating historical range of variation (HRV) time series using landscape modeling: overview and issues 113 Robert E. Keane

9 Modeling historical range of variability at a range of scales: an example application 128 Kevin Mcgarigal and William H. Romme

Section 4 Case Studies of Applications 147 Gregory D. Hayward

10 Regional application of historical ecology at ecologically defined scales: forest ecosystems in the Colorado Front Range 149 Thomas T. Veblen, William H. Romme, and Claudia Regan

11 Incorporating concepts of historical range of variation in ecosystem-based management of British Columbia's coastal temperate rainforest 166 Andy Mackinnon and Sari C. Saunders

12 Incorporating HRV in Minnesota national forest land and resource management plans: a practitioner's story 176 Mary Shedd, Jim Gallagher, Michael Jiménez, and Duane Lula

13 Applying historical fire-regime concepts to forest management in the western United States: three case studies 194 Thomas E. Demeo, Frederick J. Swanson, Edward B. Smith, Steven C. Buttrick, Jane Kertis, Jeanne Rice, Christopher D. Ringo, Amy Waltz, Chris Zanger, Cheryl A. Friesen, and John H. Cissel

14 Using historical ecology to inform wildlife conservation, restoration, and management 205 Beth A. Hahn and John L. Curnutt

15 River floodplain restoration experiments offer a window into the past 218 Ramona O. Swenson, Richard J. Reiner, Mark Reynolds, and Jaymee Marty

16 Streams past and future: fluvial responses to rapid environmental change in the context of historical variation 232 Daniel A. Auerbach, N. Leroy Poff, Ryan R. Mcshane, David M. Merritt, Matthew I. Pyne, and Thomas K. Wilding

17 A framework for applying the historical range of variation concept to ecosystem management 246 William H. Romme, Gregory D. Hayward, and Claudia Regan

Section 5 Global Perspectives 263 John A. Wiens

18 Ecological history guides the future of conservation: lessons from Africa 265 A.R.E. Sinclair

19 Ecological history has present and future ecological consequences - case studies from Australia 273 David Lindenmayer

20 A view from the past to the future 281 Keith J. Kirby

21 Is the historical range of variation relevant to rangeland management? 289 Brandon T. Bestelmeyer

22 Knowing the Fennoscandian taiga: ecohistorical lessons 297 Yrjö Haila

Section 6 Challenges for the Future 305

23 Reflections on the relevance of history in a nonstationary world 307 Julio L. Betancourt

24 The growing importance of the past in managing ecosystems of the future 319 Hugh D. Safford, John A. Wiens, and Gregory D. Hayward

Index 329