Rendering High Dynamic Range (HDR) scenes on media with limited dynamic range began in the Renaissance whereby painters, then photographers, learned to use low-range spatial techniques to synthesize appearances, rather than to reproduce accurately the light from scenes. The Art and Science of HDR Imaging presents a unique scientific HDR approach derived from artists' understanding of painting, emphasizing spatial information in electronic imaging. Human visual appearance and reproduction rendition of the HDR world requires spatial-image processing to overcome the veiling glare limits of optical imaging, in eyes and in cameras. Illustrated in full colour throughout, including examples of fine-art paintings, HDR photography, and multiple exposure scenes; this book uses techniques to study the HDR properties of entire scenes, and measures the range of light of scenes and the range that cameras capture. It describes how electronic image processing has been used to render HDR scenes since 1967, and examines the great variety of HDR algorithms used today. Showing how spatial processes can mimic vision, and render scenes as artists do, the book also: * Gives the history of HDR from artists' spatial techniques to scientific image processing * Measures and describes the limits of HDR scenes, HDR camera images, and the range of HDR appearances * Offers a unique review of the entire family of Retinex image processing algorithms * Describes the considerable overlap of HDR and Color Constancy: two sides of the same coin * Explains the advantages of algorithms that replicate human vision in the processing of HDR scenes * Provides extensive data to test algorithms and models of vision on an accompanying website href="http://www.wiley.com/go/mccannhdr">www.wiley.com/go/mccannhdr
Autorentext
John J. McCann, Consultant, McCann Imaging, USA
John McCann received a B.A. degree in Biology from Harvard University in 1964. He worked in, and later managed, the Vision Research Laboratory at Polaroid from 1961 to 1996. He has studied human color vision, digital image processing, large format instant photography and the reproduction of fine art. His 120 publications have studied Retinex theory, color from rod/Lcone interactions at low light levels, appearance with scattered light, and HDR imaging.
He has been a Fellow of the Society of Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) since 1983. He is a past President of IS&T and the Artists Foundation, Boston. In 1996 he received the SID Certificate of Commendation. He is the IS&T/OSA 2002 Edwin H. Land Medalist, and IS&T 2005 Honorary Member, and is a 2008 Fellow of the Optical Society of America. He is currently consulting and continuing his research on color vision.
Alessandro Rizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
Professor Alessandro Rizzi holds a degree in Computer Science at University of Milano and received a PhD in Information Engineering at University of Brescia (Italy). He taught Information Systems and Computer Graphics at University of Brescia and at Politecnico di Milano. He is currently an assistant professor teaching Multimedia and Human-Computer Interaction, and senior research fellow at the Department of Information Technologies at University of Milano. Since 1990 he has researched in the field of digital imaging and vision. His main research topic is the use of color information in digital images with particular attention to color perception mechanisms. He is the coordinator of the Italian Color Group
Conference Chair of Color Conference at IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, and a principle organizer of European Marie Curie Project CREATE.
Inhalt
About the Authors xix
Preface xxi
Series Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
Section A HISTORY OF HDR IMAGING 1
1 HDR Imaging 3
1.1 Topics 3
1.2 Introduction 3
1.3 Replicas and Reproductions 4
1.4 A Choice of Metaphors for HDR Reproduction 5
1.5 Reproduction of Scene Dynamic Range 7
1.6 HDR Disciplines 8
1.7 Outline of the Text 10
1.8 Summary 11
1.9 References 12
2 HDR Tools and Defi nitions 13
2.1 Topics 13
2.2 Introduction 13
2.3 Pixels 14
2.4 Dynamic Ranges 14
2.5 Measuring Light 17
2.6 Measuring Color Spaces 18
2.7 Image Reproduction 21
2.8 Contrast 24
2.9 Digital Imaging 25
2.10 Summary 25
2.11 References 26
3 HDR in Natural Scenes 27
3.1 Topics 27
3.2 Appearance in HDR and Color Constancy 27
3.3 Summary 30
3.4 References 31
4 HDR in Painting 33
4.1 Topics 33
4.2 Introduction 33
4.3 Ancient Painting 33
4.4 Perspective 35
4.5 Chiaroscuro 37
4.6 Gerritt van Honthorst (Gherardo delle Notti) 37
4.7 Rembrandt van Vijn 40
4.8 John Constable 40
4.9 John Martin 40
4.10 Impressionism 41
4.11 Photorealism 43
4.12 Summary 43
4.13 References 44
5 HDR in Film Photography 45
5.1 Topics 45
5.2 Introduction 45
5.3 Multiple Exposures in the 1850s 46
5.4 HP Robinson 47
5.5 Hurter and Driffi eld-Scientifi c Calibration of AgX Film Sensitivity 48
5.6 Sheppard and Mees 50
5.7 19th Century Professional Amateur Photography 50
5.8 20th Century Corporate Photography 50
5.9 20th Century Control of Dynamic Range 51
5.10 Other Silver-Halide Stories 56
5.11 Summary 56
5.12 References 57
6 The Ansel Adams Zone System 59
6.1 Topics 59
6.2 Introduction 59
6.3 Compressing the HDR World into the LDR Print 59
6.4 Visualization 60
6.5 Scene Capture 61
6.6 Performing the Score 65
6.7 Moonrise, Hernandez 66
6.8 Apparent vs. Physical Contrast 66
6.9 Summary 66
6.10 References 68
7 Electronic HDR Image Processing: Analog and Digital 69
7.1 Topics 69
7.2 Introduction 69
7.3 Human Spatial Vision 69
7.4 Electronic HDR Image Processing 70
7.5 Summary 74
7.6 References 75
8 HDR and the World of Computer Graphics 77
8.1 Topics 77
8.2 Introduction 77
8.3 Early Years: the 60s 78
8.4 Early Digital Image Synthesis: the 70s 78
8.5 The Turning Point: the 80s 79
8.6 Computational Photorealism: from the 90s 80
8.7 Summary 80
8.8 References 81
9 Review of HDR History 83
9.1 Topics 83
9.2 Summary of Disciplines 83
9.3 Review 84
9.4 Summary 87
9.5 References 87
Section B MEASURED DYNAMIC RANGES 89
10 Actual Dynamic Ranges 91
10.1 Topics 91
10.2 Introduction 91
10.3 Dynamic Range of Light Sensors 92
10.4 Bits per Pixel 93
10.5 Dynamic Range of Display Devices 94
10.6 Interactions of Pixels in Images 95
10.7 Summary 96
10.8 References 96
11 Limits of HDR Scene Capture 99
11.1 Topics 99
11.2 Introduction 99&...