Ranging from the theoretical basis of UWB sensors via implementation issues to applications, this much-needed book bridges the gap between designers and appliers working in civil engineering, biotechnology, medical engineering, robotic, mechanical engineering, safety and homeland security. From the contents: * History * Signal and systems in time and frequency domain * Propagation of electromagnetic waves (in frequency and time domain) * UWB-Principles * UWB-antennas and applicators * Data processing * Applications
Autorentext
Jürgen Sachs earned a Doctorate (Dr.-Ing.) in Electrical Engineering (surface acoustic wave devices) and a Dipl.-Ing. degree in Electrical Engineering (semi-conductor technology and components). Since 1985, he is Senior Lecturer at TU Ilmenau, Germany. He teaches "Basics of Electrical Measurement Technology", "Methods of measurement for the information and communication technique", and "Eatellite navigation and radar". He is head of several research projects, and inter alia coordinator of European projects for humanitarian demining. His research areas cover RF-signal analysis and RF-system identification; Surface Penetrating Radar, Impulse Radiating Antennas; Ultra wideband (UWB) methods and their application in high resolution radar and impedance spectroscopy, digital processing of UWB-signals; UWB-Array-processing; and humanitarian anti-personal mine detection.
Klappentext
The book covers the theoretical basis of UWB sensors, implementations issues, and applications. It bridges the knowledge and communication gap between UWB sensor designers and appliers working in radar communications systems, civil engineering, biotechnology, medical engineering, robotic, mechanical engineering, safety and homeland security.
The objective of this book is to introduce the reader into some aspects of ultra-wideband (UWB) sensing. Such sensors use very weak and harmless electromagnetic sounding waves to explore their surroundings. Sensor principles using electromagnetic waves are not new and are in use for many years. But they are typically based on narrowband signals. In contrast to that, the specific of UWB-sensors is to be seen in the fact that they apply sounding signals of a very large bandwidth whereat bandwidth and centre frequency are of the same order.
Inhalt
Preface XV
List of Contributors XIX
1 Ultra-Wideband Sensing An Overview 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Ultra-Wideband Definition and Consequences of a Large Bandwidth 7
1.2.1 Basic Potentials of Ultra-Wideband Remote Sensing 9
1.2.2 Radiation Regulation 10
1.2.2.1 Implication of UWB Radiation on Biological Tissue 14
1.3 A Brief History of UWB Technique 16
1.4 Information Gathering by UWB Sensors 17
References 27
2 Basic Concepts on Signal and System Theory 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 UWB Signals, Their Descriptions and Parameters 32
2.2.1 Classification of Signals 32
2.2.1.1 Types of Stimulus Signals 32
2.2.1.2 Random Process 33
2.2.1.3 Analogue and Digital Signals 34
2.2.2 Signal Description and Parameters of Compact Signals in the Time domain 35
2.2.2.1 Basic Shape Parameters 35
2.2.2.2 Lp-norm 38
2.2.2.3 Shape Factors 40
2.2.2.4 Time Position 41
2.2.2.5 Integral Values of Pulse Duration 42
2.2.3 Statistical Signal Descriptions 43
2.2.3.1 Probability Density Function and Its Moments 43
2.2.3.2 Individual Signal 44
2.2.3.3 Random Process 45
2.2.4 Signal Description of Continuous Wave (CW) UWB Signals 49
2.2.4.1 Auto-Correlation Function 50
2.2.4.2 Cross-Correlation Function 52
2.2.5 Frequency Domain Description 54
2.2.5.1 The Fourier Series and Fourier Transformation 55
2.2.5.2 Some Properties and Parameters of a Spectrum 59
2.2.5.3 Time-Bandwidth Products 61
2.2.6 Doppler Scaling and Ambiguity Function 65
2.3 Some Idealized UWB Signals 71
2.3.1 Rectangular Unipolar and Bipolar Pulse Trains 72
2.3.2 Single Triangular Pulse 72
2.3.3 Sinc Pulse 73
2.3.4 Gaussian Pulses 75
2.3.5 Binary Pseudo-Noise Codes 79
2.3.6 Chirp 86
2.3.7 Multi-Sine 88
2.3.8 Random Noise 91
2.4 Formal Description of Dynamic Systems 94
2.4.1 Introduction 94
2.4.2 Time Domain Description 96
2.4.2.1 Linearity 96
2.4.2.2 The Impulse Response Function or the Time Domain Green's Function 97
2.4.2.3 Extraction of Information from the Impulse Response Function 103
2.4.3 The Frequency Response Function or the Frequency Domain Greens Function 107
2.4.3.1 Properties of the Frequency Response Function and the Utility of the Frequency Domain 109
2.4.3.2 Parameters of the Frequency Response Function 111
2.4.4 Parametric System Descriptions 112
2.4.4.1 Differential Equation 112
2.4.4.2 The Laplace Transform 114
2.4.4.3 Transfer Function 115
2.4.4.4 State Space Model 118
2.4.5 Time Discrete Signal and Systems 124
2.4.5.1 Discrete Fourier Transform 125
2.4.5.2 Circular Correlation and Convolution 126
2.4.5.3 Data Record Length and Sampling Interval 127
2.5 Physical System 132
2.5.1 Energetic Interaction and Waves 132
2.5.2 N-Port Description by IV-Parameters 135
2.5.3 N-Port Description by Wave Parameters 138
2.5.4 Determination of N-Port Parameters 142
2.6 Measurement Perturbations 146
2.6.1 Additive Random Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 146
2.6.1.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 148
2.6.1.2 Sliding Average 149
2.6.1.3 Synchronous Averaging 151
2.6.1.4 Matched Filter/Correlator 152
2.6.1.5 Device Internal Noise 157
2.6.1.6 Quantization Noise 158
2.6.1.7 IRF and FRF Estimation from Noisy Data 166
2.6.2 Narrowband Interference 168
2.6.3 Jitter and Phase Noise 170
2.6.3.1 Trigger Jitter 170
2.6.3.2 Phase Noise 173
2.6.3.3 Cycle Jitter 175
2.6.3.4 Oscillator Stability 177
2.6.4 Linear Systematic Errors and their Correction 178
2.6.5 Non-Linear Di...