Here's a rich pictorial review of normal and abnormal human prenatal development. For each body system or region, you'll find a brief description of the developmental plan, with key concepts and terminology, followed by discussions of histological principles, the classification of congenital defects, and basic cellular, molecular, and genetic concepts; An emphasis on morphological patterns in the embryo and fetus makes it easy to understand the structure and function of the adult body and the embryonic basis of birth defects. Summary tables and terminology sections at the end of each chapter, plus an appendix with all major congenital defects and their embryonic basis, make it easy to review course material and prepare for the USMLE.
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Chapter 1
An Overview of Developmental Events, Processes, and Abnormalities . 1
The First and Second Weeks. 2
The Embryonic Period
The Early Embryonic Period. 3
The Late Embryonic Period. 4
The Fetal Period. 5
Histological Concepts
Samples of Epithelia and Connective Tissue . 6
Skin and Embryonic Connective Tissue. 7
Induction. 8
Apoptosis . 9
Segmentation and Early Pattern Formation
Genetic Determination of Embryonic Axes and Segments. 10
Segmentation and Segment Fates. 11
Cell Adhesion and Cell Migration. 12
Cell Differentiation and Cell Fates . 13
Growth Factors. 14
Classification of Abnormal Processes . 15
Classification of Multiple Anomalies. 16
Normal Versus Major Versus Minor Malformations . 17
Marfan Syndrome. 18
Apert and De Lange Syndromes. 19
Examples of Deformations . 20
Example of a Deformation Sequence . 21
Drug-Induced Embryopathies. 22
Terminology. 23
Chapter 2
Early Embryonic Development and the Placenta . 27
Adult Uterus, Ovaries, and Uterine Tubes . 28
Ovary, Ova, and Follicle Development . 29
The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy. 30
The First Week: .
Ovulation, Fertilization and Migration Down the Uterine Tube. 31
Ectopic Pregnancy. 32
Tubal Pregnancy. 33
Interstitial, Abdominal, and Ovarian Pregnancy. 34
The Second Week: .
Implantation and Extraembryonic Membrane Formation. 35
The Third Week: Gastrulation. 36
Events Related to Gastrulation:.
Neurulation and Early Placenta and Coelom Development . 37
The Fourth Week: Folding of the Gastrula . 38
The Vertebrate Body Plan. 39
Formation of the Placenta. 40
The Endometrium and Fetal Membranes. 41
Placental Structure . 42
External Placental Structure; Placental Membrane. 43
Placental Variations . 44
Placenta Previa. 45
Summary of Ectodermal Derivatives. 46
Summary of Endodermal Derivatives . 47
Summary of Mesodermal Derivatives. 48
Terminology. 49
Chapter 3
The Nervous System. 51
Formation of the Neural Plate. 52
Neurulation. 53
Neural Tube and Neural Crest . 54
Neural Tube Defects
Defects of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column. 55
Defects of the Brain and Skull. 56
Neuron Development. 57
Development of the Cellular Sheath of Axons . 58
Development of the Spinal Cord Layers. 59
Development of the Spinal Cord. 60
Peripheral Nervous System
Development of the Peripheral Nervous System. 61
Somatic Versus Splanchnic Nerves . 62
Growth of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column. 63
Embryonic Dermatomes. 64
Adult Dermatomes . 65
Development of the Brain
Early Brain Development. 66
Further Development of Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain. 67
Development of Major Brain Structures. 68
Growth of the Cerebral Hemispheres. 69
Derivatives of the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain . 70
Development of the Forebrain
Forebrain Wall and Ventricles. 71
Relationship Between Telencephalon and Diencephalon . 72
Cross Sections of the Midbrain and Hindbrain. 73
Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid . 74
Development of Motor Nuclei in the Brainstem. 75
Segmentation of the Hindbrain. 76
Development of the Pituitary Gland. 77
Development of the Ventricles. 78
Congenital Ventricular Defects. 79
Terminology. 80
Chapter 4
The Cardiovascular System. 83
Early Vascular Systems. 84
Vein Development
Early Development of the Cardinal Systems . 85
Transformation to the Postnatal Pattern. 86
Vein Anomalies. 87
Aortic Arch Arteries . 88
Artery Anomalies
Aortic Arch Anomalies. 89
Anomalous Origins of the Pulmonary Arteries. 90
Intersegmental Arteries and Coarctation of the Aorta. 91
Summary of Embryonic Blood Vessel Derivatives. 92
Formation of Blood Vessels. 93
Formation of the Heart Tube
Formation of the Left and Right Heart Tubes. 94
Formation of a Single Heart Tube. 95
Chambers of the Heart Tube. 96
Bending of the Heart Tube. 97
Partitioning of the Heart Tube. 98
Atrial Separation. 99
Spiral (Aorticopulmonary) Septum . 100
Completion of the Spiral (Aorticopulmonary) Septum. 101
Ventricular Separation and Bulbus Cordis. 102
Adult Derivatives of the Heart Tube Chambers. 103
Fetal Circulation. 104
Transition to Postnatal Circulation . 105
Congenital Heart Defect Concepts. 106
Ventricular Septal Defects. 107
Atrial Septal Defects. 108
Spiral Septum Defects. 109
Patent Ductus Arteriosus. 110
Terminology. 111
Chapter 5
The Respiratory System. 113
Early Primordia. 114
Formation of the Pleural Cavities . 115
The Relationship Between Lungs and Pleural Cavities . 116
Visceral and Parietal Pleura . 117
Development of the Diaphragm. 118
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. 119
Airway Branching
The Airway at 4 to 7 Weeks. 120
The Airway at 7 to 10 Weeks. 121
Development of Bronchioles and Alveoli . 122
Bronchial Epithelium Maturation . 123
Congenital Anomalies of the Lower Airway. 124
Airway Branching Anomalies. 125
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration. 126
Palate Formation in the Upper Airway. 127
The Newborn Upper Airway. 128
Terminology. 129
Chapter 6
The Gastrointestinal System and Abdominal Wall . 131
Early Primordia. 132
Formation of the Gut Tube and Mesenteries. 133
Foregut, Midgut, and Hindgut. 134
Abdominal Veins . 135
Foregut and Midgut Rotations. 136
Meckel's Diverticulum . 137
Lesser Peritoneal Sac. 138
Introduction to the Retroperitoneal Concept. 139
Midgut Loop. 140
Abdominal Ligaments. 141
Abdominal Foregut Organ Development . 142
Development of Pancreatic Acini and Islets. 143
Congenital Pancreatic Anomalies. 144
Development of the Hindgut . 145
Congenital Anomalies
Duplication, Atresia, and Situs Inversus. 146
Megacolon (Hirschsprung's Disease). 147
Summary of Gut Organization . 148
Development of the Abdominal Wall. 149
Umbilical Hernia . 150
The Inguinal Region. 151
Anterior Testis Descent. 152
The Adult Inguinal Region . 153
Anomalies of the Processus Vaginalis. 154
Terminology. 155
Chapter 7
The Urogenital System. 157
Early Primordia. 158
Division of the Cloaca . 159
Congenital Cloacal Anomalies . 160
Pronephros, Mesonephros, and Metanephros. 161
Development of the Metanephros. 162
Ascent and Rotation of the Metanephric Kidneys. 163
Kidney Rota…