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1 Experimental Neuroanatomy: General Approaches and Laboratory Procedures.- I. Introduction.- II. Tract-Tracing Methods.- A. Types of Methods.- B. Choice of Method.- III. Practical Problems.- A. The Experimental Animal.- B. The Tissue.- IV. Analysis.- A. Amount of Material.- B. Analytical Approach.- C. Normal Material.- D. Mapping and Reconstruction.- V. The Neuroanatomical Laboratory.- A. Animal Quarters and Surgery.- B. Optical Equipment.- C. Laboratory Precautions.- VI. Appendix.- A. Encasing of Tissue for Preparation of Frozen Sections.- B. Preparation of Frozen Sections on Sliding Microtome.- C. Special Staining Procedures.- D. Graphic Reconstructions.- References.- 2 Methods for Selective, Restricted Lesion Placement in the Central Nervous System.- I. Introduction.- II. Stereotaxic Technique.- A. Theoretical Background.- B. The Stereotaxic Atlas.- C. Verification of the Coordinates.- III. Nonselective Lesion Techniques.- A. Mechanical Lesions.- B. Injected, Nonselective Toxins.- C. Alterations of Cerebral Vasculature.- D. Radioisotopic and Related Methods.- E. Ultrasound Lesions.- F. Thermal Lesions.- G. Electrolytic Lesions.- IV. Evaluation of the Electrolytic Lesion.- V. Selective Lesion Techniques.- A. Kainic Acid and Glutamate Derivatives.- B. Neurotoxic Catecholamine and Indolamine Derivatives.- VI. The Interpretation of Lesion Effects.- VII. Appendix: Stereotaxic Atlases.- A. Rat Brain Atlases.- B. Cat Brain Atlases.- C. Primate Brain Atlases.- D. Dog Brain Atlases.- References.- 3 Methods for Delivering Tracers.- I. Introduction.- II. Pressure Injection.- A. Microsyringe Injection.- B. Micropipette Injection.- III. Iontophoretic Injection.- A. General Considerations.- B. Extracellular Injection.- C. Intracellular Injection.- IV. Appendix.- A. Microelectrode Preparation.- B. Iontophoresis Assays.- References.- 4 Silver Methods for the Impregnation of Degenerating Axoplasm.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical Considerations.- A. When to Use the Silver Methods.- B. The Choice of Silver Method.- III. Practical Aspects.- A. Postoperative Survival Time.- B. Fixation and Sectioning.- IV. General Characteristics of the Silver Methods.- A. The Nauta-Laidlaw Method.- B. The Fink-Heimer Method.- C. The Cupric Silver Method.- D. Comparison among the Nauta-Laidlaw, the Fink-Heimer, and the Cupric Silver Methods.- E. Other Silver Methods.- V. Interpretation of Degenerating Fibers and Terminal Degeneration.- A. Axonal Degeneration.- B. Terminal Degeneration.- VI. Other Degenerative Neuronal Phenomena.- A. Degeneration of Cell Bodies and Dendrites.- B. Indirect Wallerian Degeneration.- C. "Retrograde Dust" in Thalamus.- VII. Sources of Error.- A. Neuronal Deposits.- B. Spontaneous, Accidental, and Infectious Degeneration.- C. Dark Neurons of Cammermeyer.- D. Glial Elements and Connective Tissue.- E. Artifacts in the Olfactory Bulb.- VIII. Summary of Advantages and Limitations.- A. Advantages.- B. Limitations.- IX. Prospects for the Future.- X. Appendix.- A. The Nauta-Laidlaw Method.- B. The Fink-Heimer Procedures.- C. The Cupric Silver Method.- D. The Application of Silver Degeneration Techniques to the Human Brain (M.-M. Mesulam).- References.- 5 The Autoradiographic Tracing of Axonal Connections in the Central Nervous System.- I. Introduction.- II. The Principles of the Method.- III. Methodology.- A. Selection of the Radioactive Tracer.- B. Injection of the Tracer into the Brain.- C. Survival Time.- D. Perfusion and Fixation.- E. Cutting and Mounting the Sections on Glass Slides.- F. Coating the Mounted Sections.- G. Exposure of the Emulsion.- H. Development and Fixation of the Emulsion.- I. Staining of the Tissue.- IV. Analysis of the Data.- A. Definition of a Labeled Pathway.- B. Common Artifacts.- V. Electron Microscopic Autoradiography.- VI. Summary of Advantages and Limitations.- A. Advantages.- B. Limitations.- VII. Appendix.- A. Paraffin Embedding Schedule for Cat Brain.- B. Darkroom Equipment Needed for Emulsion Coating.- C. Cresyl Violet Staining for Cat and Rat Paraffin Sections.- References.- 6 Horseradish Peroxidase: The Basic Procedure.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Applications.- III. Incorporation and Transport of HRP.- A. Characteristics of HRP.- B. Diffusion of HRP.- C. Incorporation of HRP by Neurons.- IV. Methodology.- A. Choice of Anesthetic.- B. Methods of Extracellular Delivery.- C. Survival Time.- D. Fixation and Sectioning.- E. Potentiation of Uptake and Transport of HRP.- V. General Characteristics of the Different HRP Methods.- A. The DAB Method.- B. The o-Dianisidine Method.- C. The BDHC Method.- D. The TMB Method.- VI. Results and Interpretations.- A. The Site of Injection.- B. Labeling of Cell Bodies.- C. Labeling of Axons and Terminals.- D. Sources of Error.- VII. Summary of Advantages and Limitations.- A. Advantages.- B. Limitations.- VIII. Appendix.- A. The 3,3?-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Method (LaVail).- B. Benzidine Dihydrochloride (BDHC) Method (de Olmos).- C. Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) Method (de Olmos).- D. Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) Method (Mesulam).- References.- 7 Horseradish Peroxidase: Intracellular Staining of Neurons.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- A. Preparation Procedures.- B. Recording and Injection.- C. Animal Perfusion.- D. Histological Processing.- E. Analysis of the Data.- III. Application of the Technique.- IV. Summary of Advantages and Limitations.- A. Advantages.- B. Limitations.- V. Appendix.- A. Chemicals for HRP Histological Processing (Intracellular Staining).- B. An Alternative Approach using Retrograde Golgi-like Labeling of Neuronal Populations (D. Keefer).- References.- 8 Horseradish Peroxidase and Fluorescent Substances and Their Combination with Other Techniques.- I. Introduction.- II. The Tracing of Collateral Projections.- A. Retrograde Double-Labeling Procedures Using HRP in Different Combinations.- B. Double Labeling with Fluorescent Substances.- C. Collateral Transport of HRP.- III. HRP and Anterograde Tracing Methods.- IV. HRP and Transmitter-Related Histochemical Procedures.- V. HRP and 2-Deoxyglucose Procedures.- VI. Prospects for the Future.- VII. Appendix.- A. Procedures for Retrograde Double Labeling with HRP and [3H]-BSA.- B. Procedures for Retrograde Double Labeling with HRP and [3H]-apo-HRP (A. Rustioni).- C. Procedure for Retrograde Double Labeling with Fluorescent Substances (H. G.J. M. Kuypers).- D. Procedures for Simultaneous Demonstration of HRP and AChE.- E. 2-Deoxyglucose Autoradiography and HRP Histochemistry (O. Steward).- F. A Note on the Combination of Retrograde Fluorescent Tracers with Transmitter Histochemistry (T. Hökfelt).- References.- 9 The Golgi Methods.- I. Introduction.- II. The Rapid Golgi Method.- A. Preparatory Steps.- B. Fixation.- C. Silver Impregnation.- D. Sectioning the Tissue.- E. Dehydrating and Clearing.- F. Mounting.- G. A Note on Perfusion Fixation.- III. Analysis of the Data.- A. Cell Location.- B. Cell Processes.- IV. Presentation of the Data.- A. Golgi Drawings.- B. Photography.- V. Variations of the Golgi Method.- A. Double and Triple Impregnations.- B. Golgi-Kopsch Method.- C. Golgi-Cox Method.- D. Golgi Method for Embryonic Tissue.- VI. Summary of Advantages and Limitations.- A. Advantages.- B. Limitations.- VII. Appendix.- A. Recipe for Perfusion Technique.- B. Embedding of Rapid Golgi Blocks in Nitrocellulose.- C. Rapid Golgi Method for Use on Aldehyde-Fixed Material.- D. Stabilizing and Counterstaining Rapid Golgi Sections.- E. Variations of the Golgi-Kopsch Method.- F. The Golgi-Cox Procedure.- G. Golgi Method for Embryonic Tissue.- References.- 10 Electron Microscopy: Preparation of Neural Tissues for Electron Microscopy.- I. Introduction.- II Basic Procedures for Fixation and Embedding.- A. Anesthesia.- B. Surgical Procedure.- C. Dissection and Postfixation.- D. Dehy…