This book is focused on the fundamental aspects of analysis, modeling and design of digital control loops around high-frequency switched-mode power converters in a systematic and rigorous manner
- Comprehensive treatment of digital control theory for power converters
- Verilog and VHDL sample codes are provided
- Enables readers to successfully analyze, model, design, and implement voltage, current, or multi-loop digital feedback loops around switched-mode power converters
- Practical examples are used throughout the book to illustrate applications of the techniques developed
- Matlab examples are also provided
Autorentext
Luca Corradini, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the University of Padova, Italy. He is the co-author of more than fifty articles published in journals and conference proceedings.
Dragan Maksimovic, PhD is a Charles V. Schelke Endowed Professor and Director of the Colorado Power Electronics Center (CoPEC) at the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA.
Paolo Mattavelli, PhD, joined the DTG of the University of Padova, Italy. Dr. Mattavelli's major fields of interest include analysis, and modeling and control of power converters.
Regan Zane, PhD, is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA. Dr. Zane received the NSF Career Award in 2004 for his work in energy efficient lighting systems.
Inhalt
Preface ix
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Continuous-Time Averaged Modeling of DCDC Converters 13
1.1 Pulse Width Modulated Converters 14
1.2 Converters in Steady State 16
1.2.1 Boost Converter Example 17
1.2.2 Estimation of the Switching Ripple 19
1.2.3 Voltage Conversion Ratios of Basic Converters 20
1.3 Converter Dynamics and Control 21
1.3.1 Converter Averaging and Linearization 22
1.3.2 Modeling of the Pulse Width Modulator 24
1.3.3 The System Loop Gain 25
1.3.4 Averaged Small-Signal Models of Basic Converters 26
1.4 State-Space Averaging 28
1.4.1 Converter Steady-State Operating Point 28
1.4.2 Averaged Small-Signal State-Space Model 29
1.4.3 Boost Converter Example 30
1.5 Design Examples 32
1.5.1 Voltage-Mode Control of a Synchronous Buck Converter 32
1.5.2 Average Current-Mode Control of a Boost Converter 42
1.6 Duty Ratio d[k] Versus d(t) 48
1.7 Summary of Key Points 50
Chapter 2 The Digital Control Loop 51
2.1 Case Study: Digital Voltage-Mode Control 52
2.2 A/D Conversion 53
2.2.1 Sampling Rate 53
2.2.2 Amplitude Quantization 56
2.3 The Digital Compensator 58
2.4 Digital Pulse Width Modulation 63
2.5 Loop Delays 65
2.5.1 Control Delays 65
2.5.2 Modulation Delay 66
2.5.3 Total Loop Delay 70
2.6 Use of Averaged Models in Digital Control Design 71
2.6.1 Limitations of Averaged Modeling 71
2.6.2 Averaged Modeling of a Digitally Controlled Converter 74
2.7 Summary of Key Points 78
Chapter 3 Discrete-Time Modeling 79
3.1 Discrete-Time Small-Signal Modeling 80
3.1.1 A Preliminary Example: A Switched Inductor 82
3.1.2 The General Case 85
3.1.3 Discrete-Time Models for Basic Types of PWM Modulation 87
3.2 Discrete-Time Modeling Examples 88
3.2.1 Synchronous Buck Converter 90
3.2.2 Boost Converter 97
3.3 Discrete-Time Modeling of Time-Invariant Topologies 102
3.3.1 Equivalence to Discrete-Time Modeling 106
3.3.2 Relationship with the Modified Z-Transform 108
3.3.3 Calculation of Tu(z) 108
3.3.4 Buck Converter Example Revisited 112
3.4 Matlab® Discrete-Time Modeling of Basic Converters 112
3.5 Summary of Key Points 117
Chapter 4 Digital Control 119
4.1 System-Level Compensator Design 119
4.1.1 Direct-Digital Design Using the Bilinear Transform Method 120
4.1.2 Digital PID Compensators in the z- and the p-Domains 123
4.2 Design Examples 126
4.2.1 Digital Voltage-Mode Control of a Synchronous Buck Converter 126
4.2.2 Digital Current-Mode Control of a Boost Converter 134
4.2.3 Multiloop Control of a Synchronous Buck Converter 136
4.2.4 Boost Power Factor Corrector 141
4.3 Other Converter Transfer Functions 154
4.4 Actuator Saturation and Integral Anti-Windup Provisions 160
4.5 Summary of Key Points 165
Chapter 5 Amplitude Quantization 167
5.1 System Quantizations 167
5.1.1 A/D Converter 167
5.1.2 DPWM Quantization 169
5.2 Steady-State Solution 172
5.3 No-Limit-Cycling Conditions 175
5.3.1 DPWM versus A/D Resolution 175
5.3.2 Integral Gain 178
5.3.3 Dynamic Quantization Effects 181
5.4 DPWM and A/D Implementation Techniques 182
5.4.1 DPWM Hardware Implementation Techniques 182
5.4.2 Effective DPWM Resolution Improvements via Modulation 186
5.4.3 A/D Converters 187
5.5 S...