Since 25 May 2018 the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (GDPR) has applied, representing a significant overhaul of data protection law in the European Union. Although it was drafted and passed by the European Union, the GDPR imposes obligations onto organisations anywhere, so long as they collect or target data relating to people in the EU. It is one of the toughest privacy and security laws in the world and harsh fines are levied against those who violate its privacy and security standards. This commentary provides a detailed examination of the individual articles of the GDPR and is an essential resource aimed at helping legal practitioners prepare for compliance. The second edition includes guidelines on the interpretation of the GDPR published by the European Data Protection Board as well as new case law by the Court of Justice of the European Union. This revised and updated edition includes: .a general introduction to data protection law; .full text of the GDPR's articles and recitals; .article-by-article commentary explaining the individual provisions and elements of each article. In addition to lawyers and in-house counsel, this book is also suitable for law professors and students, and offers comprehensive coverage of this increasingly important area of data protection legislation.

List of abbreviations 9 List of Recitals of the General Data Protection Regulation 11 Introduction to the General Data Protection Regulation 13 1. Introduction 13 2. The most important compliance steps to be implemented 13 3. Basic terms of the GDPR 14 4. The scope of the GDPR 15 4.1 Material scope - what processing activities are covered? .............. 15 4.2 Personal scope - who does the GDPR apply to? ........................ 15 4.3 Territorial scope - where does the GDPR apply? ...................... 16 5. The relationship with national data protection laws 16 6. The principles relating to the processing of personal data 18 7. Legal basis requirement for any data processing activity 19 7.1 Available legal bases ................. 19 7.2 Requirements for valid consent ............................ 20 8. Information obligations and privacy notices 22 9. Rights of the data subject 24 10. Profiling and automated individual decision-making 25 11. Data protection compliance programme 26 11.1 Organisational measures including data protection strategies ................................ 26 11.2 Technical measures including privacy by design and by default ............................... 26 12. Maintaining a record of processing activities 27 13. Data protection impact assessment and consultation obligation with supervisory authority 28 14. Data protection officer 29 15. Data security 30 15.1 Mandatory data security measures ................................. 30 15.2 Obligation to notify personal data breaches .......................... 31 16. Mandatory arrangements between joint controllers 33 17. Obligations in case of outsourcing 33 18. International data transfers 34 18.1 Transfers not subject to notification or approval ......... 35 18.2 Transfers subject to notification ............................. 36 18.3 Transfers subject to approval .. 36 19. International jurisdiction of supervisory authorities 37 20. Administrative fines and other sanctions 38 21. Civil liability and private enforcement 40 Text of the General Data Protection Regulation and commentary 41 Chapter I - General provisions 43 Article 1 Subject-matter and objectives ........................ 43 Article 2 Material scope ................. 47 Article 3 Territorial scope .............. 51 Article 4 Definitions ...................... 56 Chapter II - Principles 75 Article 5 Principles relating to processing of personal data ................... 75 Article 6 Lawfulness of processing ....................... 81 Article 7 Conditions for consent ... 90 Article 8 Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society services ................ 93 Article 9 Processing of special categories of personal data ................... 96 Article 10 Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences .................. 102 Article 11 Processing which does not require identification ................ 103 Chapter III - Rights of the data subject 105 Section 1 - Transparency and modalities 105 Article 12 Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject ................... 105 Section 2 - Information and access to personal data 109 Article 13 Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject .... 109 Article 14 Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject ................... 115 Article 15 Right of access by the data subject ................... 120 Section 3 - Rectification and erasure 123 Article 16 Right to rectification ..... 123 Article 17 Right to erasure ('right to be forgotten') ..................... 124 Article 18 Right to restriction of processing ................. 128 Article 19 Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing ..................... 130 Article 20 Right to data portability ..................... 131 Section 4 - Right to object and automated individual decision-making 135 Article 21 Right to object .............. 135 Article 22 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling ....... 138 Section 5 - Restrictions 142 Article 23 Restrictions ................... 142 Chapter IV - Controller and processor 145 Section 1 - General obligations 145 Article 24 Responsibility of the controller ...................... 145 Article 25 Data protection by design and by default .............. 149 Article 26 Joint controllers ............ 152 Article 27 Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union ........................... 154 Article 28 Processor ....................... 157 Article 29 Processing under the authority of the controller or processer .................. 162 Article 30 Records of processing activities ....................... 163 Article 31 Cooperation with the supervisory authority ... 166 Section 2 - Security of personal data _ 167 Article 32 Security of processing ... 167 Article 33 Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority ... 171 Article 34 Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject ............ 174 Section 3 - Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation 177 Article 35 Data protection impact assessment .................... 177 Article 36 Prior consultation ......... 185 Section 4 - Data protection officer 188 Article 37 Designation of the data protection officer .......... 188 Article 38 Position of the data protection officer .......... 194 Article 39 Tasks of the data protection officer ........................... 197 Section 5 - Codes of conduct and certification 199 Article 40 Codes of conduct ......... 199 Article 41 Monitoring of approved codes of conduct .......... 202 Article 42 Certification ................. 204 Article 43 Certification bodies ...... 206 Chapter V - Transfers of personal data to third countries or international organisations 209 Article 44 General principle for transfers ........................ 209 Article 45 Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision ........................ 211 Article 46 Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards ..................... 216 Article 47 Binding corporate rules .............................. 221 Article 48 Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law ..................... 224 Article 49 Derogations for specific situations ...................... 225 Article 50 International cooperation for the protection of personal data ................ 230 Chapter VI - Independent supervisory authorities 231 Section 1 - Independent status 231 Article 51 Supervisory authority ... 231…