This second edition of the original volume adds significant new innovations for revolutionizing the processes and methods used in petroleum reservoir simulations. With the advent of shale drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and underbalanced drilling has come a virtual renaissance of scientific methodologies in the oil and gas industry. New ways of thinking are being pioneered, and Dr. Islam and his team have, for years now, been at the forefront of these important changes.
This book clarifies the underlying mathematics and physics behind reservoir simulation and makes it easy to have a range of simulation results along with their respective probability. This makes the risk analysis based on knowledge rather than guess work. The book offers by far the strongest tool for engineers and managers to back up reservoir simulation predictions with real science. The book adds transparency and ease to the process of reservoir simulation in way never witnessed before. Finally, No other book provides readers complete access to the 3D, 3-phase reservoir simulation software that is available with this text.
A must-have for any reservoir engineer or petroleum engineer working upstream, whether in exploration, drilling, or production, this text is also a valuable textbook for advanced students and graduate students in petroleum or chemical engineering departments.
Autorentext
M. R. Islam is Professor of Petroleum Engineering at the Civil and Resource Engineering Department of Dalhousie University, Canada. He has over 700 publications to his credit, including 6 books. He is on the editorial boards of several scholarly journals, and, in addition to his teaching duties, he is also director of Emertec Research and Development Ltd. and has been on the boards of a number of companies in North America and overseas./p>
Dr. S. Hossein Mousavizadegan is currently on the faculty of marine technology at the Amirkabir University of Technology in Tehran as an assistant professor, specializing in mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid dynamics.
Dr. Shabbir Mustafiz is a research engineer with the Alberta Research Council in Edmonton, Canada. Shabbir has published over 25 journal papers and has a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, on the topic of petroleum reservoir simulation, from Dalhousie University and he is the current SPE Scholarship Chair for the Edmonton Section.
Jamal H. Abou-Kassem is Professor of Petroleum Engineering at the UAE U. in the United Arab Emirates, where he has taught since 1993. Abou-Kassem is a coauthor of two textbooks on reservoir simulation and an author or coauthor of numerous technical articles in the areas of reservoir simulation and other petroleum and natural gas-related topics.
Zusammenfassung
This second edition of the original volume adds significant new innovations for revolutionizing the processes and methods used in petroleum reservoir simulations. With the advent of shale drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and underbalanced drilling has come a virtual renaissance of scientific methodologies in the oil and gas industry. New ways of thinking are being pioneered, and Dr. Islam and his team have, for years now, been at the forefront of these important changes.
This book clarifies the underlying mathematics and physics behind reservoir simulation and makes it easy to have a range of simulation results along with their respective probability. This makes the risk analysis based on knowledge rather than guess work. The book offers by far the strongest tool for engineers and managers to back up reservoir simulation predictions with real science. The book adds transparency and ease to the process of reservoir simulation in way never witnessed before. Finally, No other book provides readers complete access to the 3D, 3-phase reservoir simulation software that is available with this text.
A must-have for any reservoir engineer or petroleum engineer working upstream, whether in exploration, drilling, or production, this text is also a valuable textbook for advanced students and graduate students in petroleum or chemical engineering departments.
Inhalt
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Summary 1
1.2 Opening Remarks 2
1.3 The Need for a Knowledge-Based Approach 2
1.4 Summary of Chapters 5
2 Reservoir Simulation Background 7
2.1 Essence of Reservoir Simulation 8
2.2 Assumptions Behind Various Modeling Approaches 10
2.2.1 Material Balance Equation 11
2.2.2 Decline Curve 12
2.2.3 Statistical Method 13
2.2.4 Analytical Methods 15
2.2.5 Finite-Difference Methods 16
2.2.6 Darcy's Law 19
2.3 Recent Advances in Reservoir Simulation 19
2.3.1 Speed and Accuracy 19
2.3.2 New Fluid-Flow Equations 21
2.3.3 Coupled Fluid Flow and Geo-Mechanical Stress Model 26
2.3.4 Fluid-Flow Modeling Under Thermal Stress 29
2.4 Memory Models 31
2.4.1 Thermal Hysteresis 32
2.4.2 Mathematical and Numerical Models 32
2.5 Future Challenges in Reservoir Simulation 33
2.5.1 Experimental Challenges 33
2.5.2 Numerical Challenges 35
2.5.2.1 Theory of Onset and Propagation
of Fractures due to Thermal Stress 35
2.5.2.2 Viscous Fingering during Miscible Displacement 36
3 Reservoir Simulator-Input/Output 39
3.1 Input and Output Data 40
3.2 Geological and Geophysical Modeling 42
3.3 Reservoir Characterization 45
3.3.1 Representative Elementary Volume, REV 46
3.3.2 Fluid and Rock Properties 49
3.3.2.1 Fluid Properties 49
3.3.3 Rock Properties 54
3.4 Upscaling 58
3.4.1 Power Law Averaging Method 59
3.4.2 Pressure-Solver Method 60
3.4.3 Renormalization Technique 62
3.4.4 Multiphase Flow Upscaling 63
3.5 Pressure/Production Data 65
3.6 Phase Saturations Distribution 66
3.7 Reservoir Simulator Output 68
3.8 History Matching 70
3.8.1 History-Matching Formulation 72
3.8.2 Uncertainty Analysis 75
3.8.2.1 Measurement Uncertainty 76
3.8.2.2 Upscaling Uncertainty 78
3.8.2.3 Model Error 79
3.8.2.4 The Prediction Uncertainty 80
3.9 Real-Time Monitoring 81
4 Reservoir Simulators: Problems, Shortcomings, and Some Solution Techniques 85
4.1 Multiple Solutions in Natural Phenomena 87
4.1.1 Knowledge Dimension 90
4.2 Adomian Decomposition 104
4.2.1 Governing Equations 106
4.2.2 Adomian Decomposition of Buckley-Leverett Equation 108
4.2.3 Results and Discussions 111
4.3 Some Remarks on Multiple Solutions 114
5 Mathematical Formulation of Reservoir Simulation Problems 117
5.1 Black Oil Model and Compositional Model 119
5.2 General Purpose Compositional Model 120
5.2.1 Basic Definitions 120
5.2.2 Primary and Secondary Parameters and Model Variables 122
5.2.3 Mass Conservation Equation 125
5.2.4 Energy Balance Equation 128
5.2.5 Volume Balance Equation 133
5.2.6 The Motion Equation in Porous Medium 134
5.2.7 The Compositional System of Equations and Model Variables 139
5.3 Simplification of the General Compositional Model 141
5.3.1 The Black Oil Model 141
5.3.2 The Water Oil Model 143
5.4 Some Examples in Application of the General Compositional Model 146
5.4.1 Isothermal Volatile Oil Reservoir 146
5.4.2 Steam Injection Inside a Dead Oil Reservoir 148
5.4.3 Steam Injection in Presence of Distillation and Solution Gas 150
6 The Compositional Simulator Using Engineering Approach 155
6.1 Finite Control Volume Method 156
6.1.1 Reservoir Discretization in Rectangular…