Faster, cheaper and environmentally friendly, these are the criteria for designing new reactions and this is the challenge faced by many chemical engineers today.
Based on courses thaught by the authors, this advanced textbook discusses opportunities for carrying out reactions on an industrial level in a technically controllable, sustainable, costeffective and safe manner.
Adopting a practical approach, it describes how miniaturized devices (mixers, reactors, heat exchangers, and separators) are used successfully for process intensification, focusing on the engineering aspects of microstrctured devices, such as their design and main chracteristics for homogeneous and multiphase reactions. It adresses the conditions under which microstructured devices are beneficial, how they should be designed, and how such devices can be integrated in an existing chemical process. Case studies show how the knowledge gained can be applied for particular processes.
The textbook is essential for master and doctoral students, as well as for professional chemists and chemical engineers working in this area.
Autorentext
Dr. Madhvanand Kashid, Chemical Engineer, at Syngenta Crop Protection Monthey SA, Switzerland. He secured PhD in Chemical Engineering from Technical University of Dortmund, Germany, on "liguid-liquid slug flow capillary microreactors". Prior to joining Syngenta, he worked at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. He had been extensively working on different aspects of microprocess engineering such as design and characterization of microstructured devices both by mathematical modelling and experimental validation, development of continuous process with industrial partners, and application of microdevices for educational purpose. He is the co-author of 25 scientific publications, reviews and book chapters.
Prof. Dr. Albert Renken, Professor Emeritus, secured PhD and habilitation from University of Hannover and joined EPFL in 1977. He has been working on variety of topics related to chemical and polymer reaction engineering such as multiphase reactions, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis and micro reactor technology. He represents Switzerland in the Working Party on Chemical Reaction Engineering in the European Federation of Chemical Engineering. In 2007 he got the DECHEMA-Titan-Medal for his pioneering contributions to Chemical Reaction Engineering and Microreaction Technology. He is author or co-author of more than 450 scientific publications, 3 textbooks and co-author of the "Handbook of Micro Process Engineering". His actual research and teaching is focused on sustainable chemical production and process intensification.
Prof. Dr. Lioubov Kiwi-Minsker, Head of the Group of Catalytic Reaction Engineering, GGRC, at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland . Prof. Kiwi-Minsker received her PhD in 1982 in physical & colloidal chemistry from Moscow University, her habilitation in 1992 from the Novosibirsk University in Physical Chemistry and joined EPFL in 1994. Her teaching and research activities continue to be in the field of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Reactor technology, in particular, the reactors with structured catalytic beds and micro-reactors. She is the co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, patents and book chapters. She is currently a member of the Working party on "Chemical Reaction Engineering" and "Process Intensification" of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE) and of the European Federation of Catalysis (EFCATS).
Inhalt
Preface XI
List of Symbols XIII
1 Overview of Micro Reaction Engineering 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What are Microstructured Devices? 2
1.3 Advantages of Microstructured Devices 2
1.3.1 Enhancement of Transfer Rates 2
1.3.2 Enhanced Process Safety 5
1.3.3 Novel OperatingWindow 7
1.3.4 Numbering-Up Instead of Scale-Up 7
1.4 Materials and Methods for Fabrication of Microstructured Devices 9
1.5 Applications of Microstructured Devices 10
1.5.1 Microstructured Reactors as Research Tool 11
1.5.2 Industrial/Commercial Applications 11
1.6 Structure of the Book 13
1.7 Summary 13
References 14
2 Basis of Chemical Reactor Design and Engineering 19
2.1 Mass and Energy Balance 19
2.2 Formal Kinetics of Homogenous Reactions 21
2.2.1 Formal Kinetics of Single Homogenous Reactions 22
2.2.2 Formal Kinetics of Multiple Homogenous Reactions 24
2.2.3 Reaction Mechanism 25
2.2.4 Homogenous Catalytic Reactions 26
2.3 Ideal Reactors andTheir Design Equations 29
2.3.1 Performance Parameters 29
2.3.2 BatchWise-Operated Stirred Tank Reactor (BSTR) 30
2.3.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 35
2.3.4 Plug Flow or Ideal Tubular Reactor (PFR) 39
2.4 Homogenous Catalytic Reactions in Biphasic Systems 45
2.5 Heterogenous Catalytic Reactions 49
2.5.1 Rate Equations for Intrinsic Surface Reactions 50
2.5.2 Deactivation of Heterogenous Catalysts 57
2.6 Mass and Heat Transfer Effects on Heterogenous Catalytic Reactions 59
2.6.1 External Mass and Heat Transfer 60
2.6.2 Internal Mass and Heat Transfer 69
2.6.3 Criteria for the Estimation of Transport Effects 83
2.7 Summary 84
2.8 List of Symbols 86
References 87
3 Real Reactors and Residence Time Distribution (RTD) 89
3.1 Nonideal Flow Pattern and Definition of RTD 89
3.2 Experimental Determination of RTD in Flow Reactors 91
3.2.1 Step Function Stimulus-Response Method 92
3.2.2 Pulse Function Stimulus-Response Method 93
3.3 RTD in Ideal Homogenous Reactors 95
3.3.1 Ideal Plug Flow Reactor 95
3.3.2 Ideal Continuously Operated Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 95
3.3.3 Cascade of Ideal CSTR 96
3.4 RTD in Nonideal Homogeneous Reactors 98
3.4.1 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactors 98
3.4.2 RTD Models for Real Reactors 100
3.4.3 Estimation of RTD in Tubular Reactors 105
3.5 Influence of RTDon the Reactor Performance 107
3.5.1 Performance Estimation Based on Measured RTD 108
3.5.2 Performance Estimation Based on RTD Models 110
3.6 RTD in Microchannel Reactors 115
3.6.1 RTD of Gas Flow in Microchannels 117
3.6.2 RTD of Liquid Flow in Microchannels 118
3.6.3 RTD of Multiphase Flow in Microchannels 122
3.7 List of Symbols 126
References 127
4 Micromixing Devices 129
4.1 Role of Mixing for the Performance of Chemical Reactors 129
4.2 Flow Pattern and Mixing in Microchannel Reactors 136
4.3 Theory of Mixing in Microchannels with Laminar Flow 137
4.4 Types of Micromixers and Mixing Principles 143
4.4.1 Passive Micromixer 144
4.4.2 Active Micromixers 154
4.5 Experimental Characterization of Mixing Efficiency 158
4.5.1 Physical Methods 158
4.5.2 Chemical Methods 159
4.6 Mixer Efficiency and Energy Consumption 171
4.7 Summary 172
4.8 List of Symbols 173
References 173
5 Heat Management by Microdevices 179
5.1 Introduction 179
5.2 Heat Transfer in Microstructured Devices 181
5.2.1 Straight Microchannels 181
5.2.2 Curved Channel Geometry 189
5.2.3 Complex Channel Geometries 191
5...