This revised edition of Communication Systems from GSM toLTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband Second Edition (Wiley 2010) containsnot only a technical description of the different wireless systems available today, but also explains therationale behind the different mechanisms and implementations; notonly the 'how' but also the 'why'. In thisway, the advantages and also limitations of each technology becomeapparent. Offering a solid introduction to major global wireless standardsand comparisons of the different wireless technologies and their applications, this edition has been updatedto provide the latest directions and activities in 3GPP standardization up to Release 12, andimportantly includes a new chapter on Voice over LTE (VoLTE). There are new sections on Building Blocks of aVoice Centric Device, Building Blocks of a Smart Phone, FastDormancy, IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, andWi-Fi-Protected Setup. Other sections have been considerably updated in placesreflecting the current state of the technology. * Describes the different systems based on thestandards, their practical implementation and design assumptions,and the performance and capacity of each system in practice isanalyzed and explained * Questions at the end of each chapter and answers onthe accompanying website make this book ideal for self-study or ascourse material

Martin Sauter works in the telecommunication industry as a thought leader, researcher, book author and
blogger and is based in Cologne. His interests are focused on mobile communication networks, multimedia applications and especially the wireless Internet.
http://www.wirelessmoves.com

This revised edition of Communication Systems from GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks
and Mobile Broadband Second Edition (Wiley 2010) contains not only a technical description of the
different wireless systems available today, but also explains the rationale behind the different mechanisms and implementations; not only the 'how' but also the 'why'. In this way, the advantages and also limitations of each technology become apparent.

Offering a solid introduction to major global wireless standards and comparisons of the different wireless
technologies and their applications, this edition has been updated to provide the latest directions and
activities in 3GPP standardization up to Release 12, and importantly includes a new chapter on Voice
over LTE (VoLTE). There are new sections on Building Blocks of a Voice Centric Device, Building Blocks of a Smart Phone, Fast Dormancy, IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, and Wi-Fi-Protected Setup.

Other sections have been considerably updated in places reflecting the current state of the technology.

• Describes the different systems based on the standards, their practical implementation and design assumptions, and the performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained

• Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website make this book ideal for self-study or as course material

Preface xiii

1 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 1

1.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission 1

1.1.1 Classic Circuit Switching 2

1.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching over IP 3

1.2 Standards 4

1.3 Transmission Speeds 5

1.4 The Signaling System Number 7 6

1.4.1 The Classic SS-7 Protocol Stack 7

1.4.2 SS-7 Protocols for GSM 9

1.4.3 IP-Based SS-7 Protocol Stack 10

1.5 The GSM Subsystems 11

1.6 The Network Subsystem 12

1.6.1 The Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Server and Gateway 12

1.6.2 The Visitor Location Register (VLR) 16

1.6.3 The Home Location Register (HLR) 17

1.6.4 The Authentication Center 20

1.6.5 The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC) 23

1.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Voice Processing 25

1.7.1 Frequency Bands 25

1.7.2 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 27

1.7.3 The GSM Air Interface 28

1.7.4 The Base Station Controller (BSC) 36

1.7.5 The TRAU for Voice Encoding 40

1.7.6 Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS 44

1.7.7 Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects 46

1.7.8 Modulation 50

1.7.9 Voice Activity Detection 50

1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control 52

1.8.1 Cell Reselection and Location Area Update 52

1.8.2 The Mobile-Terminated Call 53

1.8.3 Handover Scenarios 56

1.9 The Mobile Device 58

1.9.1 Architecture of a Voice-Centric Mobile Device 59

1.9.2 Architecture of a Smartphone 60

1.10 The SIM Card 62

1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL 67

Questions 70

References 70

2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE 73

2.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM 73

2.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 74

2.3 The GPRS Air Interface 77

2.3.1 GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface 77

2.3.2 Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station 79

2.3.3 Coding Schemes 79

2.3.4 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 81

2.3.5 Mobile Device Classes 84

2.3.6 Network Mode of Operation 85

2.3.7 GPRS Logical Channels on the Air Interface 86

2.4 The GPRS State Model 88

2.5 GPRS Network Elements 91

2.5.1 The Packet Control Unit (PCU) 91

2.5.2 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 93

2.5.3 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 95

2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management 96

2.7 GPRS Interfaces 100

2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM) 105

2.8.1 Mobility Management Tasks 105

2.8.2 GPRS Session Management 108

2.9 Session Management from a User's Point of View 110

2.10 Small Screen Web Browsing over GPRS and EDGE 114

2.10.1 WAP 1.1 Used in Early GPRS Devices 114

2.10.2 WAP 2.0 117

2.10.3 Small Screen Web Browsing with Network Side Compression 118

2.10.4 Small Screen Web Browsing - Quality of Experience 119

2.11 The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRS 120

2.12 Web Browsing via GPRS 125

2.12.1 Impact of Delay on the Web-Browsing Experience 125

2.12.2 Web Browser Optimization for Mobile Web Browsing 127

Questions 128

References 128

3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) 129

3.1 Overview, History and Future 130

3.1.1 3GPP Release 99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation 131

3.1.2 3GPP Release 4: Enhancements for the Circuit-Switched Core Network 133

3.1.3 3GPP Release 5: IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 134

3.1.4 3GPP Release 6: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 137

3.1.5 3GPP Release 7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity 137

3.1.6 3GPP Release 8: LTE, Further HSPA Enhancements and Femtocells 138

3.1.7 3GPP Release 9: Digital Dividend and Dual Cell Improvements 139

3.1.8 3GPP Releases 10 and 11: LTE-Advanced 139

3.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS 140

3.2.1 The Radio Access Bearer (RAB) 141

3.2.2 The Access Stratum and Nonaccess Stratum 141

3.2.3 Common Transport Protocols for CS and PS 142

3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 143

3.3.1 Spreading Factor, Chip Rate and Process Gain 146

3.3.2 The OVSF Code Tree 147

3.3.3 Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction 149

3.3.4 UMTS Frequency and Cell Planning 151

3.3.5 The Near-Far Effect and Cell Breathing 151

3.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Networ…