Fifteen volumes and one supplement have now appeared in the series known as Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to seek critical reviews, original papers, and commentaries on controversial topics. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length and depth than those normally published by society journals and quarterlies. The editors make every attempt to solicit manuscripts on an international scale and to see that no facet of evolutionary biology-classical or modern-is slighted. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; Ghillean T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vII Contents 1. Patterns of Neotropical Plant Species Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Alwyn H. Gentry Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Sites and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Sample Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Identifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Structural Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Community Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Floristic Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Dispersal Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Pollination Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Appendix. Sites and Communities Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2. Evolution on a Petri Dish: The Evolved fJ-Galactosidase System as a Model for Studying Acquisitive Evolution in the Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Barry G. Hall Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Approaches to Molecular Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The Descriptive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 The Experimental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Mechanisms for the Acquisition of New Genetic Material. . . . . 97 The EBG System a s a Model for Acquisitive Evolution . . . . . . . 98 The Unevolved Enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inhalt
1. Patterns of Neotropical Plant Species Diversity.- Sites and Methods.- Sample Sites.- Identifications.- Results.- Structural Trends.- Community Organization.- Floristic Composition.- Dispersal Ecology.- Pollination Strategies.- Conclusion.- Appendix. Sites and Communities Studied.- References.- 2. Evolution on a Petri Dish: The Evolved ?-Galactosidase System as a Model for Studying Acquisitive Evolution in the Laboratory.- Approaches to Molecular Evolution.- The Descriptive Approach.- The Experimental Approach.- Mechanisms for the Acquisition of New Genetic Material.- The EBG System as a Model for Acquisitive Evolution.- The Unevolved Enzyme.- Regulation of ebg Enzyme Synthesis.- Properties of ebg Enzyme.- How Many Mutations Are Required to Evolve ebg+ Enzyme?.- Evolution of the Regulatory Gene ebgR.- The ebgB Gene.- Evolution of Multiple New Functions for ebg Enzyme.- Evolution by Recombination within a Gene.- Effects on Old Functions when New Functions Are Evolved.- Another New Function: Conversion of Lactose into a lac Operon Inducer.- Directed Evolution of a Regulatory Protein.- A Model for Evolution in Diploid Organisms.- Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- 3. A Comparative Summary of Genetic Distances in the Vertebrates: Patterns and Correlations.- Methods and Materials-Literature Survey and Taxa Studied.- General Patterns of Genetic Distance among Vertebrate Taxa.- Considerations on Taxonomic Convention.- Proteins Assayed.- Evidence for a Uniform Protein Clock.- Other Factors Influencing Levels of Genetic Divergence.- Conclusions and Summary.- References.- 4. The Alcohol Dehydrogenase Polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster: Selection at an Enzyme Locus.- General Aspects of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Polymorphism.- Genetic, Developmental, and Biochemical Aspects.- Interstrain Differences in ADH Activity.- Heterogeneity within Electrophoretic Classes.- Relation with Alcohols.- Drosophila Species and Ethanol Tolerance.- Allele Frequency Changes.- Fitness Estimates.- Selection for Ethanol Tolerance.- Alcohols as Food Components.- Natural Populations.- Behavioral Responses to Ethanol.- Other Factors Influencing the ADH Polymorphism.- Fitness Differences in the Absence of Alcohols.- Differences in Temperature Resistance.- Relationships with Other Loci.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5. Developmental Changes in the Orientation of the Anuran Jaw Suspension: A Preliminary Exploration into the Evolution of Anuran Metamorphosis.- Materials and Methods.- Results.- Discussion.- A Secondary Hypothesis on the Abruptness of Metamorphosis.- The Ancestral Anuran.- Summary.- References.- 6. Regulatory Genes and Adaptation: Past, Present, and Future.- The Case for Studying the Evolution of Regulatory Genes.- Historical Considerations.- Evolutionary Rates of Change of Structural Gene Products.- Selection Coefficients and Enzyme Polymorphisms.- Genetic Differences between Species.- Gene Regulation in Higher Eukaryotes: The Current State of Affairs.- A Working Definition of a Regulatory Gene.- Regulatory Variants in Natural Populations.- The Genetic Analysis of Putative Regulatory Variants.- Direct versus Indirect Effects of Regulatory Genes.- Future Problems in the Study of Regulatory Gene Variation.- Conclusion.- References.- 7. Evolution of Dermal Skeleton and Dentition in Vertebrates: The Odontode Regulation Theory.- Phylogeny of the Vertebrates.- Histologic and Morphologic Definitions.- Evolution of the Dermal Skeleton: A Review.- Heterostraci.- Thelodonti.- Osteostraci.- Galeaspida.- Anaspida.- Placodermi.- Chondrichthyes.- Acanthodii.- Osteichthyes.- Tetrapoda.- Evolution of the Dermal Skelton.- Discussion.- A Model for the Evolution of the Dermal Skeleton.- Significance of Scales for Aquatic Locomotion.- Evolution of the Vertebrate Dentition: A Review.- Evolution of the Gnathostome Jaw.- ";Biting Apparatus" in Fossil Agnatha.- Placodermi.- Chondrichthyes.- Acanthodii.- Osteichthyes.- Tetrapoda.- Evolution of the Vertebrate Dentition: Discussion and a Model.- Summary.- References.- 8. Evolution of Chesapecten (Mollusca: Bivalvia, Miocene-Pliocene) and the Biogenetic Law.- The Genus Chesapecten.- Geologic Sett…